Motivation

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Motivation
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What is Motivation?What do you think it means?
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Motivation

• The forces that act on or within an organism to
  initiate and direct behavior

• A need or desire that energizes and directs
  behavior

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Motivation

• Activation initiation or production behavior
• Persistence continued effort to get something
• Intensity greater vigor of responding

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Theories

• Theories have proven weak over time, but we take
  a little from each to form our modern
  understanding...

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• Instinct Theories
• Motivation is innate and due to genetic
  programming
• Instincts are rigidly patterned throughout a
  species
• Animals display instinctive behavior patterns
  such as migration and mating behavior
• IE. Salmon returning to their birth place, birds
  migrating south for the winter

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Instinct

• A complex, inherited, unlearned behavior that is
  rigidly patterned throughout a species

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Instinct Motivation

• Examples of Instincts
• Rivalry Submission
• Sympathy Modesty
• Fear Secretiveness
• Shyness Repulsion
• Cleanliness Jealousy
• Food-Seeking Curiosity
• Sociability Combativeness
• Parental Love Hunting
• Mating Constructiveness

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Why
Why does Jimmy get into a lot of fights?
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Why is Sally so quiet and timid?
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Why is Dave so overweight?
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Why does Jane beat her children?
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Why do people do the things that they
do?(Instinct Theory)

• Why does Jimmy get into a lot of fights?
  Combativeness Instinct
• Why is Sally so quiet and timid? Shyness
  Instinct
• Dave is overweight and cant stop eating because
  of his food-seeking instinct.
• Jane beats and neglects her children because she
  wasnt born with a parental love instinct.

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• By 1920s and 1930s theory is out, but the idea
  that some human behaviors are innate and
  genetically programmed remained an important
  element in the overall understanding of
  motivation

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Drives

• Aroused states of tension created by an imbalance
• Organism must reduce the drive to restore balance

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DRIVE REDUCTION THEORY

• Behavior is motivated by the desire to reduce
  internal tension caused by unmet biological needs

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Drive-Reduction Theory
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Drive-Reduction Theory
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Drive-Reduction Theory
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Drive-Reduction Motivation

• Homeostasis The body monitors and maintains
  relatively constant levels of internal states,
  such as body temperature, fluid levels, and
  energy supplies
• If any of these levels deviates very far from the
  optimal level, the body initiates processes
  (motivation) to bring the condition back to normal

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Why did Shawn steal that candy bar?
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Why does Carrie wear sweatshirts, even in the
summer?
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Why do people do the things that they
do?(Drive-Reduction Theory)

• Why did Shawn steal that candy bar? To satisfy
  his hunger and to maintain homeostasis. His body
  told him that he needed it.
• Carrie always wears long sleeve shirts, even in
  the summer. She must have an internal thermostat
  that drops very easily, and in order to maintain
  a certain internal body temperature, she always
  has to wear an extra layer of clothing.

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Homeostatic Regulation
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Homeostatic Regulation
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Homeostatic Regulation
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Homeostatic Regulation
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Homeostatic Regulation
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Homeostatic Regulation
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Homeostatic Regulation
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Homeostatic Regulation
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Homeostatic Regulation
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• Drive theories are inadequate
• many people strive to increase tension and
  physiological arousal

Such as by running a marathon or jumping out
planes
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Incentive Theory

• Extrinsic Motivation
• Behavior is motivated solely by the pull of
  external rewards (reinforcement principal)
• or punishment

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Intrinsic Motivation

• Intrinsic motivation is when you are motivated by
  internal factors, to do something for its own sake

• Intrinsic motivation drives you to do things just
  for the fun of it, or because I believe it is a
  good or right thing to do.

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Why did Kevin kill Bill?
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Why does Janet swim everyday, for many hours?
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Why does Steve do nothing but homework?
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Why do people do the things that they
do?(Incentive Theory)

• Kevin committed murder because he was paid to do
  so.
• Jane swims everyday, before and after school, on
  weekends, etc. so that she can win an Olympic
  Gold medal.
• Steve is considered a geek because he does all of
  his homework so that he can get all As. If he
  does, he can have a television in his bedroom.

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• Why did Cassie become a nun?

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• Why does Greg work at the homeless shelter on
  weekends, instead of playing baseball?

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• Why does Karen spend so many hours working on her
  perfecting her swing?

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• Why did Jessica serve on jury duty, even though
  she missed several days of work and an exam?

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Why do people do the things that they
do?(Intrinsic Motivation)

• Cassie became a nun because she felt that it was
  morally the right thing to do.
• Greg works at the homeless shelter because it
  makes him feel good to help other people in need.
• Karen practices her swing because she enjoys
  softball, and so that she can become a better
  softball player.
• Jessica was a jurier in the murder trial because
  putting away criminals is the right thing to do.

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Social Acceptance
MORE MOTIVATIONS

• Behaviors are motivated by the desire to
  increase our social acceptance and inclusion in
  social groups.

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Control
MORE MOTIVATIONS

• Motivation is driven by a need to control ones
  environment.
• to be decisive, assertive, and influence others
  for personal gain.

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Competition
MORE MOTIVATIONS

• Comparing your performance to others can enhance
  your self-esteem.
• This could determine your behavior in school, on
  the field or elsewhere

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Motivation

• Humanistic Theory
• People are motivated to satisfy a progression of
  internal needs, beginning with the most basic and
  moving towards the realization of personal
  potential
• Sound Familiar.?

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Abraham Maslow (1908-1970)

• Humanistic psychologist who developed the
  hierarchy of needs

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Humanistic Motivation

• Maslows Hierarchy of Needs

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Maslows Hierarchy of Needs
Physiological Needs Food Water Warmth Rest
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• When the physiological needs are met, the need
  for safety will emerge.

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Maslows Hierarchy of Needs
Safety Needs Security Safety
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Humanistic Motivation

• Safety Needs
• Security of employment
• Security of revenues and resources
• Physical Security - violence, delinquency,
  aggressions
• Moral and physiological security
• Familial security
• Security of health

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Humanistic Motivation Safety Needs

• Safety needs have to do with establishing
  stability and consistency in a chaotic world.
• IE. We need the security of a home and family.
  If a family is dysfunctional, a child cannot move
  to the next level because they are constantly
  concerned for their safety. Love and
  belongingness (Step 3) have to wait until they
  are no longer cringing in fear.

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• In addition, safety needs sometimes motivate
  people to be religious.
• Religions comfort us with the promise of a safe
  secure place after we die and leave the
  insecurity of this world.

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• After physiological and safety needs are
  fulfilled, the third layer of human needs are
  based on the needs for belongingness and love.

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Maslows Hierarchy of Needs
Belongingness and Love Needs Intimate
Relationships Friends
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Humanistic Motivation

• Belongingness and Love Needs
• emotionally-based relationships
• friendship, sexual relationship, or having a
  family.

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• Humans have a desire to belong to groups clubs,
  work groups, religious groups, family, gangs,
  etc.
• We need to feel loved (non-sexual) by others, to
  be accepted by others.
• We need to be needed.

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Humanistic Motivation Belongingness and Love
Needs

• People have a constant desire to feel needed.
• In the absence of these elements, people become
  increasingly susceptible to loneliness, social
  anxiety, and depression.

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• Once the needs of Stages 1 thru 3 have been met,
  humans can concentrate on fulfilling esteem needs.

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Esteem Needs Prestige, Feelings of
Accomplishment, Self-Worth
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• There are 2 types of esteem needs.
• First is self-esteem which results from
  competence or mastery of a task. Respecting
  yourself!

• Second, there's the attention and recognition
  that comes from others.

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• Imbalances at this level can result in a low
  self-esteem and inferiority complexes
• on the other hand in an inflated sense of self
  and snobbishness.

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• Only if the needs of Stages 1 thru 4 have been
  met can a person move on the Stage 5.
• Most people spend the majority of their lives
  striving to achieve and maintain the goals set
  forth in Stages 1 thru 4, and may never reach
  Stage 5,
• self-actualization.

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Self-Actualization Achieving ones full potential
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Self-Actualization

• At the top of Maslows pyramid
• According to Maslow, the need to live up to ones
  fullest and unique potential

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Humanistic Motivation

• Self-Actualization
• Self-actualization is the instinctual need of a
  human to make the most of their unique abilities.
  Maslow described it as follows
• Self Actualization is the intrinsic growth of
  what is already in the organism, or more
  accurately, of what the organism is.

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• The need for self-actualization is "the desire to
  become more and more what one is, to become
  everything that one is capable of becoming."
• - Maslow

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• Which students usually take up environmental
  causes, join the Peace Corps, do missionary work,
  etc.?

• Those whose other needs have been satisfied!

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Specific Motivations

• Hunger
• Sex
• Achievement

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Hunger

• What physiological factors cause us to feel
  hungry?
• What psychological factors cause us to feel
  hungry?

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Hunger Physiological Factors

• Glucose/Blood-Sugar Levels
• Glucose is the form of sugar that circulates in
  the blood and provides the major source of energy
  for body tissues.
• Low blood-sugar levels triggers hunger. Low
  level messages are sent to the hypothalamus.
• Orexin
• Orexin is the hunger-triggering hormone secreted
  by the hypothalamus.

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Hunger Physiological Factors

• Leptin
• Leptin is a protein secreted by fat cells. When
  it is abundant, it causes the brain to increase
  metabolism and the bodys activity levels, and
  decreases hunger. When there is too little
  leptin, it causes the brain to decrease
  metabolism, lower activity levels, and increases
  hunger.

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Hunger Physiological Factors

• Ghrelin
• Gherlin is the hormone secreted by an empty
  stomach. It sends an Im hungry signal to the
  brain.
• PYY
• PYY is a digestive tract hormone that sends an
  Im not hungry signal to the brain.

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Hunger Physiological Factors

• Lateral Hypothalamus part of the brain
  responsible for hunger

• Ventromedial Hypothalamus part of the brain
  responsible for stopping eating

• Set-Point Theory the hypothalamus decides what
  signal to send based on a genetic metabolic rate
  (how quickly the body uses energy)

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Hunger Psychological Factors

• Our eating habits (when we eat, what we eat, how
  much we eat, etc.) is not only controlled by
  internal signals of hunger or fullness, but also
  by external factors related to taste preferences,
  culture, media influences, convenience, moods,
  religion, etc.

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Hunger Psychological Factors

• Some people have a preferences for hot and spicy
  foods, while others enjoy sweets or salty foods.
• In some cultures or time periods heaviness
  indicated wealth, so eating was/is encouraged.
• Eastern cultures often enjoy dog, rat, and horse
  meat. In some Middle Eastern cultures the eye of
  a camel is considered a delicacy.
• Hindus avoid eating beef because Hindus believe
  that all living things contain a part of the
  divine spirit.

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Hunger Psychological Factors

• Mood - When you are happy you may eat certain
  foods, but when you are sad you may indulge in
  other foods.
• Supply - If there is an abundance or lack of
  grocery stores, fast-food drive-thru, and
  restaurant, eating habits may differ.
• Media - influence eating behaviors as well. If
  the Hollywood standard is thin, if models are
  heroin chic, then eating habits may change,
  especially with regards to young women.

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Hunger Psychological Factors

• The Garcia Effect Simply thinking about a
  certain food and its pairing with an unpleasant
  episode will curb your desire for that food
• IE. At the movies, your friend vomits popcorn
  all over the seat and your shoes. Popcorn no
  longer has an appeal to you.
• Similar to a taste aversion but it does not
  follow the rules of classical conditioning

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Hunger Psychological Factors

• Eating Disorders
• Anorexia Nervosa an eating disorder in which a
  normal-weight person diets and becomes
  significantly underweight, yet still feeling fat,
  continues to starve

• Bulimia Nervosa an eating disorder
  characterized by episodes of overeating,
  (binging) followed by vomiting, laxative use, or
  excessive exercise

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Weight Loss Trends

• In 2003
• 65 of U.S. citizens indicated they tried some
  form of weight loss or weight control
• 49 attempted to lose at least five pounds
• 16 attempted to maintain their weight
• Only 20 however, were "very" or "extremely"
  successful

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• one out of every one hundred young women between
  ten and twenty are starving themselves, sometimes
  to death. (1 have anorexia)
• four out of one hundred, college-aged women have
  bulimia.
• Only about 10 of people with anorexia and
  bulimia are male.

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• Without treatment, up to twenty percent (20) of
  people with serious eating disorders die.
• With treatment, that number falls to two to three
  percent (2-3).

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• Average woman
• 54 145 lbs. Size 11-14
  36/37-29/31-40/42
• Barbie
• 6 101 lbs. Size 4 39-19-33

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Overweight

• What motivates people to eat too much??

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• Studies suggest that about sixty percent of adult
  Americans, both male and female, are overweight.
  About one third (34) are obese, meaning that
  they are 20 or more above normal, healthy
  weight. Many of these people have binge eating
  disorder.
• include fast food, snacks with high sugar and fat
  content, little physical activity including use
  of automobiles, increased time spent in front of
  TV sets and computers, and a generally more
  sedentary lifestyles than slimmer peers.

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Overweight

• Who to Blame?
• Genetics
• Population Trends
• Lifestyle
• High-Carb Diets
• Decline in Smoking
• Less Demanding Workplace
• Television
• Social Class

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Sex

• What physiological factors motivate us to have
  sex?
• What are the stages of the human sexual response
  cycle? How do sex hormones influence human
  sexual development and arousal?
• What psychological factors cause us to have sex?

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Sex Physiological Factors

• Hormones
• Estrogen a sex hormone, secreted in greater
  amounts by females than by males.
• Testosterone a sex hormone, secreted in greater
  amounts by males than by females.

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Sex Physiological Factors

• The Sexual Response Cycle
• Excitement
• Plateau
• Orgasm
• Resolution

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Sex Physiological Factors

• Excitement
• The genital areas become engorged with blood,
  causing a mans penis to swell and a womans
  clitoris to swell, as well as opening a womans
  vagina.

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Sex Physiological Factors

• Plateau
• Excitement peaks as breathing, pulse, and blood
  pressure rates continue to increase. Secretions
  from the penis and clitoris may occur.

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Sex Physiological Factors

• Orgasm
• Further increases in breathing, pulse, and blood
  pressure, accompanied by muscle contractions all
  over the body. Males propel semen from the penis
  while a females uterus is put into a position to
  receive sperm during this stage.

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Sex Physiological Factors

• Resolution
• After orgasm, the body gradually returns to its
  unaroused state.
• Refractory Period a resting period after an
  orgasm, during which a person cannot achieve
  another orgasm (a few minutes to a day or more
  for typical men, far less time for a woman)

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Sex Psychological Factors

• External Stimuli
• Seeing, hearing, or reading erotic material
• Imagination and Daydreams
• Cultural Influences
• Personal Morals and Beliefs
• Media Portrayals of Sex
• Religious Convictions
• Drugs and Alcohol
• Contraception

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Achievement

• Achievement Motivation refers to a desire for
  significant accomplishment for mastery of
  things, people, or ideas for attaining a high
  standard

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Achievement Motivation

• A desire for significant accomplishment
• A desire for the mastery of things, people, or
  ideas
• A desire for attaining a high standard

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Achievement

• Industrial-Organizational Psychology is the
  application of psychological concepts and methods
  to optimizing human behavior in the workplace
• Personnel Psychology focuses on recruitment,
  selection, placement, training, appraisal, and
  development of workers
• Organizational Psychology focuses on how work
  environments and management styles influence
  worker motivation , satisfaction, and
  productivity

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Achievement

• When applying achievement motivation to a
  workforce, managers generally chose one of the
  following
• Theory X workers will only work with benefits
  or threatened with punishment
• Theory Y workers have internal motivation to do
  good work and only need encouragement

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Achievement

• Characteristics and Factors related to ones
  need to achieve
• Job Satisfaction
• Employee Engagement
• Harness Your Strengths
• Set Goals
• Choosing An Appropriate Leadership Style

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Achievement

• Characteristics and Factors related to ones
  need to achieve
• A persistence and eagerness for realistic
  challenges
• Ambition
• Energetic
• Self-disciplined
• Preparation
• Practice

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Achievement

• Characteristics and Factors related to ones
  need to achieve
• Disciplined Motivation
• Continuously Productive
• Positive Mood
• Leadership
• Organization and Goal Focus
• Mediating Conflict

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When Motives Conflict

• Sometimes you know exactly what to do in a
  situation, and sometimes the solution is unclear,
  you are confused, or knowing what you should do
  conflicts with what you want to do.

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• Approach-Approach Conflict
• This occurs when you have a choice between two
  desirable outcomes
• IE. Do I go to the rock concert or the ball
  game? Both are great choices.

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• Avoidance-Avoidance Conflict
• Occurs when you must choose between to
  undesirable outcomes
• IE. Do I clean my room first, or mow the lawn?

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• Approach-Avoidance Conflict
• A choice you are going to make has good and bad
  potential outcomes
• IE. You are lactose intolerant, but that ice
  cream cone on a hot day would be great.

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• Multiple Approach-Avoidance Conflicts
• You must choose between two or more things, each
  with good and bad outcomes
• IE. Time for college. College A has your major,
  but is too far from home. College B is less
  expensive, but has too many students.

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Developing Self Motivation

• Associate your high achievement with positive
  emotions
• Connect your achievement with your efforts
• Raise your expectations

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Motivating Others

• Cultivate intrinsic motivation
• Attend to individual motives
• Set specific, challenging goals
• Choose an appropriate leadership style
• Task leadership
• Social leadership

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