Drug Unit

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Drug Unit

• Health Education

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Why do we use drugs?

• Escape problems
• Get things done
• Sense of belonging to a group
• Experimentation

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Definitions for Drug Unit

• Drug - a substance that causes a physical, mental
  or emotional change in a person
• Drug misuse - the improper use of a drug
• Drug abuse - takes a legal drug for non-medical
  reason or illegal drug for any reason
• Addiction
• A condition in which the body relies on a given
  drug to help it function.
• common withdrawal symptoms cramps, nausea,
  trembling, sweating
• Physical Addiction - the body has a need for the
  drug and experiences withdrawal symptoms
• Psychological Addiction - your body thinks you
  need the drug.

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Definitions cont.

• Psychoactive Effect - affects a persons mind,
  mood or behavior
• Hallucinogens - a drug that causes flashbacks, or
  altered state of perception

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Drug Terms (continued)

• Stimulant
• A drug that speeds up the body functions.
• Caffeine/Cocaine are examples.
• Analgesic
• A drug that relieves pain
• and reduce swelling.
• Aspirin, Acetaminophen, and Ibuprofen are
  examples.
• Sedatives/Depressant
• A drug that slows down body functioning and
  causes sleepiness.

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Neurotransmitters

• Serotonin- memory, emotion, wakefulness, sleep
  and temperature regulation
• Dopamine- pleasure, wanting, voluntary movement
  and motivation
• Some drugs release too much dopamine, thus
  causing hallucinations

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How Drugs Enter the Body

• Inhaled (asthmatic medications/illegal drugs)
• Absorption (patches, suppository, ointments)
• Implantation placed under skin
• By mouth - swallowing
• Injected Drugs (into a muscle or vein)

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Categories

• There are seven categories a drug can be placed
  under
• Natural Remedies (Herb's)
• OTC Drugs (aspirin and cough medicines)
• Prescription Drugs (usually more powerful)
• Tobacco Products (cigars, snuff, cigarettes)
• Alcohol (beer, wine, distilled spirits)
• Illegal Drugs (marijuana, cocaine, heroin)
• Unrecognized Drugs (caffeine/inhalants)

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Drug Schedule

• Classified according to
• How medically useful
• How safe
• How addictive
• 5 schedules (categories)

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Drug Schedules

• Schedule I
• High potential for abuse
• No current medical use in treatment in U.S.
• Lack of accepted safety for use of the drug or
  substance under medical supervision
• Examples ecstasy, heroin, marijuana, peyote,
  mescaline, psilocybin, LSD
• Schedule II
• High potential for abuse
• A current medical use in treatment in U.S. with
  restrictions
• Abuse of drug may lead to severe psychological
  and physical dependence
• Examples cocaine, PCP, morphine, fentanyl,
  meperidine, codeine, amphetamine,
  methamphetamine, Ritalin

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• Schedule III
• A potential for abuse less than the drugs or
  other substances in Schedules I and II
• A currently accepted medical use in treatment in
  U.S.
• Abuse of drug may lead to moderate or low
  physical dependence or high psychological
  dependence
• Examples ketamine, anabolic steroids, some
  barbiturates
• Schedule IV
• A low potential for abuse relative to the drugs
  or other substances in Schedule III
• A currently accepted medical use in treatment in
  U.S.
• Abuse of drug may lead to limited physical
  dependence or psychological dependence relative
  to schedule III
• Examples Valium, Xanax, and some barbiturates

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• Schedule V
• A low potential for abuse relative to the drugs
  or other substances in Schedule IV
• A currently accepted medical use in treatment in
  U.S.
• Abuse of drug may lead to limited physical
  dependence or psychological dependence relative
  to schedule IV
• Example Codeine cough syrup

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Prescription Drugs

• Need physicians signature to receive
• More powerful
• Dose the correct amount to be taken at one time
• Be sure to finish the entire prescription
• Three names
• Generic
• Brand name
• Chemical name

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Understanding Drug Labels

• Includes all the information on the labels
• Dose, Warnings, Doctors Name, Expiration Date,
  Name of drug, Your Name, Date Prescription was
  filled, Refill Information
• Additional information that the doctor should
  know
• What drugs are you allergic to
• Medications that you take on a regular basis
• Physical conditions (pregnant or breast feeding)
• Average doctor writes 8,000 prescriptions each
  year

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Drugs that are Abused

• Stimulants
• Speeds up the body processes cause alertness.
• Caffeine
• Found in colas, coffee, tea, and some OTC drugs.
• Effect takes place within 30 minutes.
• Evidence shows caffeine can lead to tolerance.
• Withdrawal symptoms include headache,
  irritability, drowsiness, and anxiety.

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Cocaine/Crack

• Stimulant
• Sniffed, injected, or smoked.
• Smoking or injecting allows higher doses to reach
  the brain faster verse sniffing.
• Produces a state of euphoria (interferes with the
  neurotransmitter dopamine--causes pleasure).
• Euphoric feeling lasts between 20 min.- hours
• Following the high-- irritability, anxiety, and
  exhaustion set in. This is why users repeat
  using the drug over and over again.

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Crack/Cocaine

• Causes for Concern
• Physical and psychological addiction
• Withdrawal effects include
• Intense and constant craving for the drug.
• Severe loss of energy, depression, and anxiety.
• May lead to a psychological dependence.
• Lead to heart attacks (causes blood vessels to
  constrict).
• Lead to strokes (causes blood vessels to
  rupture).
• First time users have had heart attacks/strokes.
• Street Names
• Coke, snow, rock, crack, uptown

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Amphetamine (Stimulant)

• Amphetamines
• Synthetic drugs (made in labs).
• Medical uses include neurological disorders and
  life threatening obesity cases.
• Ice is an illegal amphetamine that can cause
• Tolerance, Psychological dependence, and
  addiction.
• Dilated pupils, short attention span, and extreme
  talkativeness.
• Ice stays in your body for a very long time
  (several hours).

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Methamphetamines

• Methamphetamine is closely related chemically to
  amphetamine, but the central nervous system
  effects of methamphetamine are greater.
• Both drugs have some medical uses, primarily in
  the treatment of obesity, but their therapeutic
  use is limited.

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Methamphetamines

• Street methamphetamine is referred to by many
  names, such as
• "speed," "meth," and "chalk."
• Methamphetamine hydrochloride, clear chunky
  crystals resembling ice, which can be inhaled by
  smoking, is referred to as "ice," "crystal," and
  "glass."

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Methamphetamines

• Methamphetamine is taken orally or snorted, by
  intravenous injection, and by smoking.
• High can last 6-12 hours
• Immediately after smoking or intravenous
  injection, the methamphetamine user experiences
  an intense sensation, called a "rush" or "flash,"
  that lasts only a few minutes and is described as
  extremely pleasurable.

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Methamphetamines

• Oral or intranasal use produces euphoria - a
  high, but not a rush (3-5 min. later). Users may
  become addicted quickly, and use it with
  increasing frequency and in increasing doses.
• Oral ingestion produces the same effects (within
  20 min).
• Other effects of methamphetamine include
  respiratory problems, irregular heartbeat, and
  extreme anorexia. Its use can result in
  cardiovascular collapse and death.

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• Noticeable Effects
• Loss of appetite, sleeplessness, performing
  repeatedly meaningless tasks, dilated pupils,
  elevated body temperature, sweating, nausea,
  vomiting, diarrhea, tremors, bad breath
• Chronic use can cause
• Anxiety, insomnia, confusion, delusions, auditory
  hallucinations, paranoia, violent behavior
• Tweaking
• Dangerous stage of meth abuse that occurs when an
  abuser who has not slept for 3-15 days becomes
  irritable and paranoid

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• Withdrawal Symptoms
• Depression, anxiety, fatigue, paranoia,
  aggression, and intense cravings for the drug

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Crystalmeth Stages4 yrs. using
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Meth Mouth
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Marijuana

• Marijuana is a green or gray mixture of dried,
  shredded flowers and leaves of the hemp plant
  Cannabis sativa.
• There are over 200 slang terms for marijuana
  including "pot," "herb," "weed," "boom,
• "Mary Jane," "gangster," and "chronic
• Category can change from person to person
  depressant, hallucinogen, stimulant

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Marijuana Route of Administration

• It is usually smoked as a cigarette (called a
  joint) or in a pipe or bong.
• Marijuana has also appeared in blunts, which are
  cigars that have been emptied of tobacco and
  refilled with marijuana, often in combination
  with another drug, such as Crack or PCP
• Some users also mix marijuana into foods or use
  it to brew tea.

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Marijuana

• The main active chemical in marijuana is THC
  (delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol).
• The short term effects of marijuana use include
  problems with memory and learning distorted
  perception difficulty in thinking and
  problem-solving loss of coordination and
  increased heart rate, anxiety, and panic attacks.

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Marijuana

• THC changes the way in which sensory information
  gets into and is processed by the brain.
• Regardless of the THC content, the amount of tar
  inhaled by marijuana smokers and the level of
  carbon monoxide absorbed are three to five times
  greater than among tobacco smokers.

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• When the effects take place and the length of a
  high
• When smoked the effects will take place within a
  few minutes. The high will wear off in 2-3 hours
• If ingested, the effects may be felt 30-60
  minutes later and the high may last up to 6 hours

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Marijuana

• Psychological addiction/ possible physical
• Short-Term Effects
• Loss of coordination, distortion in the sense of
  time, vision, and hearing, sleepiness, reddening
  of eyes, increased appetite, relaxed muscles,
  increased heart rate
• Long-Term Effects
• Damage to lungs and heart, worsen the symptoms of
  bronchitis and emphysema

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Medical Marijuana

• 14 states passed laws legalizing medical
  marijuana
• Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii,
  Maine, Michigan, Montana, Nevada, New Jersey,
  Oregon, Rhode Island, Vermont, and Washington
• PROBLEM a patient may get a prescription from a
  physician, however the federal law prohibits the
  writing of such prescriptions so both the
  physician and patient are at risk of arrest for
  doing what is legal in their own state

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Barbiturates
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Barbiturates

• Depressants
• Taken in pill or liquid form
• Street names Downers, Barbs, Goof Balls, Red
  Devils, Yellow Jackets

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Barbiturates (cont.)

• Short-term Effects
• Slurred speech, lack of coordination, shallow
  breathing, disorientation, dilated pupils, mild
  euphoria
• Long-term Effects
• Chronic tiredness, slowed reflexes, vision
  problems, dizziness, breathing disorders,
  menstrual irregularities, sexual dysfunction

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Inhalants
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Inhalants

• Most are Depressants
• Solvents, gases, aerosols
• Street Names poppers, whippets, glues, laughing
  gas, gasoline, cleaning agents

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Inhalants (cont.)

• Short Term Effects
• CNS slows down, loss of consciousness, glassy
  stare, slurred speech, impaired judgment,
  euphoria
• Long Term Effects
• Damage to brain, liver, kidneys hearing loss,
  memory loss, limb spasms, abnormal heart rhythms

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Heroin (Opiate)

• Heroin is a depressant
• Heroin is processed from morphine, a naturally
  occurring substance extracted from the seedpod of
  the Asian poppy plant.
• Heroin usually appears as a white or brown
  powder. Street names for heroin include "smack,"
  "H," "skag," "junk, hammer, mojo

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Heroin (continued)

• Heroin is injected, smoked, or snorted.
• A heroin high can last 3-6 hours.
• Physical and psychological addiction

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Heroin (continued)

• After an injection of heroin, the user reports
  feeling a surge of euphoria ("rush") accompanied
  by a warm flushing of the skin, a dry mouth, and
  heavy extremities. Following this initial
  euphoria, the user goes "on the nod," an
  alternately wakeful and drowsy state.

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Heroin (continued)

• Short Term Effects
• rush, euphoria, nausea, vomiting, suppression
  of pain, clouded mental functioning, depressed
  respiration, constipation, drowsiness,
  constricted pupils
• Long Term Effects
• Collapsed veins, loss of appetite, skin
  abscesses, heart and lung problems, pneumonia

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Heroin (continued)

• Withdrawal may occur as early as a few hours
  after the last administration.
• Produces drug craving, restlessness, muscle and
  bone pain, insomnia, diarrhea and vomiting, cold
  flashes with goose bumps ("cold turkey"), kicking
  movements ("kicking the habit"), and other
  symptoms.
• Major withdrawal symptoms peak between 48 and 72
  hours after the last dose and subside after about
  a week.

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Heroin Treatment Plan

• There is a broad range of treatment options for
  heroin addiction, including medications as well
  as behavioral therapies.
• Methadone blocks the effects of heroin for about
  24 hours, has a proven record of success when
  prescribed at a high enough dosage level for
  people addicted to heroin.

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Heroin Treatment Plan

• LAAM, also a synthetic opiate medication for
  treating heroin addiction.
• Can block the effects of heroin for up to 72
  hours.
• Other approved medications are naloxone, which is
  used to treat cases of overdose, and naltrexone,
  both of which block the effects of morphine,
  heroin, and other opiates.

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Anabolic Steroids
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Anabolic Steroids

• Androgenic- muscle building
• Forms Pill/capsule, injection,
• skin patches, gels or creams
• Street Names Roids, Juice, Gym Candy, Arnolds,
  Ragers, Stuff, Junk, Gear, Pumpers, Stackers

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Anabolic Steroids

• Psychological addiction/ possible physical
• Short Term Effectsacne, bloating, cysts, oily
  skin and hair, small increase in number of red
  blood cells, muscle twitches
• Long Term EffectsMood swings, fatigue,
  restlessness, loss of appetite, insomnia,
  depression
• Men breast development, pattern baldness,
  infertility, decrease in sex drive
• Women excessive body hair, skin coarsening,
  male pattern baldness, voice deepening

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DXM
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DXM- Dextromethorphan

• Hallucinogen
• Forms liquid, pill, or powder
• What is it?
• A property of cough suppression medications
• Is consumed in large amounts for the effects to
  take place
• Street Names DXM, Robo, Velvet, Rojo, Dex,
  Skittles

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DXM

• Psychological addiction
• Short Term EffectsAltered perceptions of time,
  sight, and sound, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea,
  confusion, abdominal pain, slurred speech,
  dizziness, slowed breathing
• Long Term EffectsOrgan and brain damage,
  permanent damage to the CNS

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Oxycontin

• This is derived from opium and is a depressant
• Form tablet, capsule, liquid
• Street Names Oxy, O, Ox, Hillbilly Heroin,
  Kicker, Blue

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Oxycontin

• Physical and Psychological addiction
• Short Term EffectsSedation, euphoria, feelings
  of relaxation, respiratory depression,
  constipation, constricted pupils
• Long Term Effects
• Reduction in blood pressure and heart rate, cold
  and clammy skin, skeletal muscle weakness

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Psychedelic Mushrooms
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Psilocybin/ Mushrooms

• Type Hallucinogen
• Form mushrooms that contain psilocybin
• Street Names shrooms, caps, boomers, fungus,
  Gods Flesh

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Mushrooms

• Short Term Effectstripping, dilated pupils,
  increased body temp., increased heart rate, dry
  mouth, tremors, hallucinations, restlessness,
  loss of coordination, altered perceptions,
  tension, anxiety, inability to distinguish
  fantasy from reality

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• The effects can take place 20 minutes to 2 hours
  later and the high can last for 3-6 hours

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Club Drugs
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Club Drugs

• MDMA (Ecstasy), Rohypnol, GHB, and Ketamine
  (colorless, tasteless, odorless).
• Used by teens and young adults at all-night
  raves, nightclubs, and/or bars.
• People use these drugs for stamina and to get
  high (relatively cheap high).
• Drawback to using these drugs
• brain dysfunction, sharp increse in body
  temperature (hyperthermia)
• Hyperthermia can lead to kidney and
  cardiovascular failure.

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Ecstasy
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MDMA (Ecstasy)

• Psychoactive drug that has both stimulant and
  hallucinogenic (LSD-like) effects.
• Psychological effects include confusion,
  depression, sleep problems, and paranoia.
• Physical problems include muscle tension, teeth
  clenching, nausea, blurred vision, chills, and
  sweating.
• MDMA methylenedioxymethamphetamine

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Ecstasy (cont.)

• Tablet form, snorted, or injected
• High lasts 3-8 hours
• Street Names E, X, XTC, Adam, Clarity

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Ecstasy (cont.)

• Short Term Effects
• Raise in body temperature, muscle tension,
  nausea, blurred vision, panic/anxiety,
  depression, paranoid thinking, euphoria,
  insomnia, reduced inhibitions, dehydration
• Long Term Effects
• Impaired memory, damage to neurons that release
  serotonin, irregular heart rhythms

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Rohypnol
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Rohypnol (Flunitrazepam)

• Depressant- club/date rape drug
• Tablet form and snorted or put in drinks and
  absorbed
• Street Names Roofies, Roaches, Forget-Me-Pill,
  Mexican Valium
• Congress passed the Drug -Induced prevention and
  punishment Act of 1996 (increased Federal
  penalties for the use of date rape drugs).
• Rohypnol is banned in the United States.

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Rohypnol (cont.)

• High last for 2-8 hours
• Short Term Effects
• Relaxation, drowsiness, slurred speech, nausea,
  confusion, impaired judgment and coordination
• Long Term Effects
• Respiratory distress, low blood pressure,
  gastrointestinal disturbances, urinary retention
• Physical and psychological dependence

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GHB
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GHB (Gamma-hydroxybutyrate)

• Depressant or Hallucinogen- club drug
• This drug has been abused in the U.S. for
  euphoric, sedative, and anabolic (body building)
  effects.
• Back in the 1980s this drug was used to aid fat
  reduction and increase muscle building.
• Coma and seizures can occur following abuse of
  GHB.
• GHB use has been involved with poisonings,
  overdoses, date rapes, and deaths.

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GHB (cont.)

• Forms liquid, white powder, tablet, or capsule
• Street Names G, Georgia Home Boy, grievous
  bodily harm, Liquid E, Soap
• Effects felt within 20 minutes and high can last
  3-6 hours

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GHB (cont.)

• Short Term Effects
• Drowsiness, nausea, vomiting, headache, CSN
  depression, slow breathing, heart rate to
  dangerous levels, confused, disoriented, sleepy,
  lethargic,
• loss of coordination
• Long term use
• Anxiety, tremors, insomnia, confusion, delirium

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Ketamine
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Ketamine (Hallucinogen)

• Anesthetic drug approved for both human and
  animal use in medical settings (90 of this drug
  is intended for veterinary use).
• Known as Special K, Vitamin KKit-Kat
• Ketamine

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Ketamine

• Form liquid, powder, or capsule
• Short Term Effects numbness, paranoia, boredom,
  impaired motor function, nausea, dream-like
  state, hallucinations, depression
• Long Term Effects Kidney and cardiovascular
  system failure

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LSD
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LSD (hallucinogen drug)

• Known as Acid, Blotter, Zen, Sunshine
• Sold on the streets in tablet, capsules, and
  liquid form (usually taken by mouth).
• Odorless colorless slightly bitter taste.
• Alters your personality, mood, and expectations.
• Feel first effects within 30 to 90 minutes
• ( a trip may last as long as 12 hours).
• Effects include increase body temp., heart rate,
  and blood pressure, sweating, loss of appetite,
  sleeplessness, dry mouth/ tremors.

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LSD (hallucinogen drug)

• Some LSD users have reported severe, terrifying
  thoughts and feelings, fear of losing control,
  fear of insanity, fear of death.
• Many LSD users have experienced flashbacks.
  Occur w/out the user taking the drug (takes place
  a few days after taking the drug or more than a
  year later).

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PCP (Phencyclidine)

• Developed in the 1950s as an intravenous
  anesthetic.
• Discontinued in 1965 because patients became
  agitated, delusional, and irrational as they
  recovered from the anesthetic effects.
• Slang terms include angel dust, ozone, whack,
  and rocket fuel.
• Killer joints are marijuana joints that have PCP
  mixed in them.
• PCP is normally snorted, smoked, injected,or
  eaten.

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PCP (Phencyclidine)

• PCP can lead to possible physical or
  psychological dependence.
• Slight increase in breathing increase in blood
  pressure and the heart rate decreased
  sensitivity to pain grandiose delusions profuse
  sweating occurs numbness of extremities
  coordination is also affected.
• People who use PCP for long periods of time
  report memory loss, difficulties w/ speech and
  thinking, depression, and weight loss.

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Pill Size Comparison