PLANT NUTRITION

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PLANT NUTRITION
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Essential factors for optimum biological
efficiency

• Favorable air and soil temperatures.
• Optimum available soil water and soil air.
• Adequate light as a source of energy for green
  plants to carry on photosynthesis.
• Essential elements for adequate nutrition of
  plants available when needed and supplied in
  balanced proportion.

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Nutrition

• The process by which an organism obtains food
  which is used to provide energy and materials for
  its life sustaining activities

Criteria for essentiality In its absence the
plant is unable to complete a normal life cycle
or That the element is part of some essential
plant constituent or metabolite
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• Primary macronutrients
• Nitrogen,phosphorus, potassium
• Secondary macronutrients
• calcium, sulphur, magnesium
• Micronutrients or trace minerals
• boron, chlorine, manganese, iron, zinc, copper,
  molybdenum, and sodium.

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• Functions and deficiency symptoms of nutrients

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Macro Nutrients

• Carbon
• Backbone of many plants biomolecules
• Fixed through photosynthesis
• Part of the carbohydrates that store energy in
  the plant.
• Hydrogen
• Building sugars and building the plant.
• Obtained entirely from water.
• Help drive the electron transport chain in
  photosynthesis and for respiration.

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• Oxygen
• Necessary for cellular respiration.
• Plants produce oxygen gas during photosynthesis.
• Phosphorus
• Conversion of light energy to chemical energy
  (ATP) during photosynthesis.
• Component of cell membrane system
• Important for plant growth and flower/seed
  formation brings early maturity.
• Make up DNA, RNA, and phospholipids.
• Bronzed/raddish coloration in leaves.

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• leaves may appear purple from accumulation of
  anthocyanin.
• Older leaves will show the first signs of
  deficiency.
• Potassium
• Regulates the opening and closing of the stomata.
• Increases drought, frost and stress tolerance.
• Maintain turger pressure
• K is highly mobile and can aid in balancing the
  anion charges within the plant.
• Deficiency may cause necrosis or interveinal
  chlorosis.
• Higher risk of pathogens, wilting, chlorosis,
  brown spotting, and higher chances of damage from
  frost and heat.

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• Nitrogen
• Essential component of all proteins. nitrogen is
  the limiting nutrient of high growth.
• The older leaves exhibit chlorosis nitrogen
• deficiency most often results in stunted growth,
  slow growth, and chlorosis.
• Purple color due to accumulation of anthocyanin
  pigments increases the utilization of P.k.
• Sulphur
• Structural component of some amino acids and
  vitamins,
• essential in the manufacturing of chloroplasts.
• Symptoms of deficiency include yellowing of
  leaves and stunted growth.

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• Calcium
• Regulates transport of other nutrients into the
  plant
• Involved in the activation of certain plant
  enzymes.
• Structural component of chromosomes.
• Helps in symbiotic fixation of nitrogen.
• deficiency results in death of terminal bud.
• cause of chromosomes abnormity.
• Magnesium
• important part of chlorophyll,
• It is important in the production of ATP through
  its role as an enzyme cofactor.

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• deficiency can result in interveinal chlorosis.
• Lower leaves become purplish red.
• Silicon
• strengthens cell walls,
• improving plant strength, health, and
  productivity.
• include improved drought and frost resistance,

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Micro nutrients

• Iron
• necessary for photosynthesis.
• present as an enzyme cofactor in plants.
• deficiency can result in interveinal chlorosis
  and necrosis
• Molybdenum
• cofactor to enzymes.
• important in building amino acids.

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• Boron
• important for binding cell lignifications,
  pectins
• secondary roles may be in sugar transport, cell
  division,
• synthesizing certain enzymes.
• Carbohydrate metabolism.
• Boron deficiency causes necrosis in young leaves
  and stunting.
• Copper
• Important for photosynthesis.
• Involved in many enzyme processes.
• Symptoms for deficiency include chlorosis.

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• Manganese
• necessary for building the chloroplasts.
• deficiency may result in coloration
  abnormalities, such as discolored spots on the
  foliage
• Sodium
• Involved in the regeneration of
  phosphoenolpyruvate in CAM and C4 plants.
• Substitute for potassium in some circumstances.
• Substitution of K by Na

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• Zinc
• Required in a large number of enzymes.
• plays an essential role in DNA transcription.
• Permote flower setting.
• Deficiency is the stunted growth of leaves,
  commonly known as "little leaf.
• Nickel
• In higher plants, essential for activation of
  urease,
• Leading to the formation of necrotic lesions.

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Chlorine

• necessary for osmosis and ionic balance
• also plays a role in photosynthesis.

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Nutrient losses

• Removal by crop plants
• Loss of nutrient through Erosion
• Removal by Weeds
• Loss of nutrients through leaching
• especially in the form of anions. viz NO3 - ,SO4
  -2 , Cl-.
• More in open textured soils,
• 10 of applied nitrogen is lossed through
  leaching.

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Volatilization Loss of Nutrients

• Ways
• Non Biological loss of ammonia
• Chemical decomposition of nitrates to nitrogen
  oxides in acidic conditions
• Reaction of HNO2 with ammonium or amino acids to
  produce N
• Microbial decomposition(N2, N2O)
• Immobilization
• Microbial growth in the soil.
• Mineralization C P lt2001
• Immobilization C P gt3001

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Sources of nutrients

• Through crop residues.
• Through organic manures.
• Addition to the soil through Rains.
• Microbial fixation of atmospheric nitrogen
• Symbiotic nitrogen fixation
• Azofication
• Mycorrhiza
• Phosphate solublizing micro-organisms.
• Commercial fertilizers

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How much and when to apply

• Crop requirement.
• Soil test.
• How to apply fertilizer??
• Correct time.
• Uniform distribution.
• Correct place.

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Questions?