Today:

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Today

• Genetic Technology Wrap-up
• Exam Review

Remember Final Exam is Wednesday, 12/13 at 1 pm!
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Concept Check Can you map the steps/process
that get you to a DNA sequence like this?
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One Last Problem Ordering the Fragments
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PCR A Quick Review
PCR helps make GENOMICS possible!
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Studying Gene Expression DNA Microarrays
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Below The Results of a DNA Microarray or DNA
Chip Analysis
Above The process of making a chip, like much
of current DNA Technology, is heavily automated.
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DNA is often Fingerprinted using a Southern
Blot
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A Southern Blot
This Southern Blot was used to characterize
Tuberculosis outbreaks in New York City. Strain
W is multi-drug resistant.
Molecular Identification of Streptomycin
Monoresistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis Related
to Multidrug-Resistant W Strain, P. Bifani et
al., 2001
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• 1. Consider the enzyme pathway
• Enzyme 1
  Enzyme 2
• A ? B ? C
• According to Beadle and Tatums one gene-one
  enzyme hypothesis, how many gene(s) is (are)
  necessary for this pathway?
• a. 0 b. 2 c. 1 d. 3 e. it cannot be
  determined

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• 2. RNA differs from DNA in that RNA
• a. contains uracil instead of thymine
• b. is found only in the cytoplasm
• c. contains ribose as its sugar
• d. both a and c are correct
• e. a, b, and c are correct.

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• 3. Where is the attachment site for RNA
  polymerase?
• a. initiation region
• b. operator region
• c. structural gene region
• d. regulator region
• e. promoter region

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• 4. All of the following are found in prokaryotic
  messenger RNA except
• a. cytosine
• b. introns
• c. the UGA (stop) codon
• d. uracil
• e. the AUG (start) codon

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• Which of the following DNA mutations is the most
  potentially damaging to the protein it specifies?
• a. a substitution in the last base of a
  codon
• b. a codon deletion
• c. a point mutation (base substitution)
• d. a codon substitution
• e. a base-pair deletion

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6. The alteration of a cells genotype by the
uptake of naked, foreign DNA from the
surrounding environment is called a a.
transduction b. conjunction c.
prionization d. transformation e.
horizontal transmission
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7. What does the operon model explain? a. the
control mechanism of gene expression in
bacteria b. bacterial resistance to
antibiotics c. the mechanism of viral attachment
to a host cell d. horizontal transmission of
plant viruses e. how genes move between
homologous regions of DNA
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• 8. All of the following consist of a sequence of
  nucleotide bases except
• a. a structural gene b. a promoter
• a regulatory gene d. an operator
• e. a repressor

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• A DNA sequence reads
• 5- CCAGTGAGC-3
• Which of the following polypeptide sequences
  could it code for?

a. Gly-His-Ser b. Ser-His-Gly c.
Pro-Val-Ser d. Ser-Val-Pro e. Ala-His-Try
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• True (A) or False (B)
• In eukaryotic cells, introns are transcribed.

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11. True (A) or False (B) A codon may code
for the same amino acid as another codon.
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12. True (A) or False (B) In a specialized
transduction, random portions of bacterial DNA
are transferred from one bacteria cell to another.
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13. True (A) or False (B) Conjugation may be
initiated by either a F or a Hfr cell this
cell acts as the DNA donor.
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14. True (A) or False (B) Acetylation of the
tails of histone proteins triggers the
condensation of chromatin.
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15. In DNA technology, the process of doing
repeated DNA replication to copy a particular
region of DNA is called

• A Southern Blot b. Gene Cloning
• PCR d. DNA Sequencing
• e. A Microarray

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• 16. A Southern Blot can confirm the identity of
  a band of DNA on a gel because of
• a. the distance the band traveled in the gel
• b. the pattern of transfer to a membrane
• c. unique protein-DNA interactions on the
  membrane
• d. the binding of specific probes to the band
• e. careful sequencing of all possible bands

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• 17. Muscle cells and nerve cells in one species
  of animal owe their differences in structure to
• a. having different genes
• b. having different chromosomes
• c. using different genetic codes
• d. expressing different genes
• e. having unique ribosomes

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• 18. Which of the following best describes the
  approximate percent of the human genome that
  appears to directly code for proteins?
• a. lt 5
• b. 25
• c. 50
• d. 75
• e. gt 95

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• 19. Gene expression can be controlled by
• a. alternative splicing of introns
• b. mRNA degradation
• c. translation initiation
• d. protein processing and degradation
• e. all of the above

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• 20. Which of the following best describes the
  function of the dideoxynucleotides (ddNTPs) used
  in DNA sequencing? They
• act as probes, allowing for the identification of
  specific DNA molecules.
• provide the basic building blocks for the DNA
  polymerase
• provide the energy source for the synthesis of
  new DNA polymers
• terminate the synthesis of DNA at random
  locations
• provide a double-stranded binding site for the
  attachment of the DNA polymerase

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• I thought the last exam was
• a. Too long
• b. Too short
• c. Just right
• d. Too hard
• e. Too easy

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• If I was taking this class again, I would want
• a. 4 exams like this time
• b. 3 exams (more class time!)
• c. just a midterm and a final
• d. no exams!
• e. homework

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Other Questions?