Porcine Endoparasites and Ectoparasites

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Chapter 25
Porcine Endoparasites and Ectoparasites Dr. Dipa
Brahmbhatt VMD, MPH, MS
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Reading Assignment

• Chapter 25 Common Porcine Diseases

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ECTOPARASITES
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Sarcoptes scabiei Mange mite

• LC 3 weeks
• CS pruritis and papules.
• Dx Skin scrapings
• Tx Ivermectin
• ZOONOTIC

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Haematopinus suis Hog Louse

• Pediculosis, host specific, contagious
• LC 3 weeks
• CS pruritis
• Dx check skin
• Tx Amitraz, Ivermectin
• Prevention Hygiene

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Figure 7-4 A, Thousands of nits can be cemented by female lice to the haircoat of domesticated animals. This calfs tail contains thousands of nits. B, Pediculosis can be defined as infestation by either chewing or sucking lice, in this case, Haematopinus suis infestation in a pig. C, Appearance of operculated nits viewed by compound microscope.
(From Hendrix CM, Robinson E Diagnostic parasitology for veterinary technicians, ed 3, St Louis, 2006, Mosby.)
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Endoparasites
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Ascaris suum - roundworm

• Ascariasis
• LC 8 weeks
• CS unthriftiness, failure to gain weight, rough
  hair coat, pendulous abdomen, chronic paroxysmal
  coughing and occasionally, abdominal expiratory
  dyspnea (thumping).
• Dx fecal flotation, worms intestines, milk
  spots - liver
• Tx Ivermectin, fenbendazole, dichlorvos,
  doramectin, hygromycin, levamisole, piperazine
• ZOONOTIC ingestion of eggs

Picture Credithttp//caltest.vet.upenn.edu/meria
l/swine/swine_6.htm (original image no longer
available)Image Ascaris suum in small intestine
of pig.
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Figure 6-48 Characteristic ovum of Ascaris suum, the swine ascarid or the large intestinal roundworm of pigs. The eggs are oval and golden brown, with a thick, albuminous shell bearing prominent projections. They measure 70 to 89 µm by 37 to 40 µm.
(From Hendrix CM, Robinson E Diagnostic parasitology for veterinary technicians, ed 3, St Louis, 2006, Mosby.)
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Trichuris suis - whipworm

• PPP 6 weeks
• CS diarrhea, unthriftiness
• Dx fecal flotation, adults - LI
• Tx Ivermectin, dichlorvos, hygromycin,
  levamisole, fenbendazole

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Strongyloides ransomi - threadworm

• PPP 7 days
• CS severe diarrhea 10 14 days with high
  mortality
• Dx fecal flotation
• Tx Ivermectin, dichlorvos, hygromycin,
  fenbendazole

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Eimeria spp. - coccidia

• PPP 14 days
• CS piglets enterocolitis
• Dx fecal flotation
• Tx piglets sulfamethazine sows - decoquinate

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Isospora suis - coccidia

• PPP 14 days
• CS piglets 6 21 days, stunted, mortality
• Dx fecal flotation
• Tx piglets sulfamethazine sows - decoquinate

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Figure 6-52 Oocyst of Isospora suis.
(From Hendrix CM, Robinson E Diagnostic parasitology for veterinary technicians, ed 3, St Louis, 2006, Mosby.)
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Metastrongylus spp. Lung worm

• PPP 1 month
• CS coughing, poor growth
• Dx fecal flotation Adults - LI
• Tx Ivermectin, doramectin, fenbendazole,
  levamisole

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Lung of pig showing lesions caused by lungworm
(Metastrongylus).
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Oesophagostomum dentatum nodular worm

• PPP 40 days
• CS asymptomatic, nodules gut enteritis
• Dx fecal flotation Adults LI
• Condemnation intestine
• Tx Ivermectin, doramectin, fenbendazole,
  levamisole, pyrantel tartrate, hygromycin,
  dichlorvos

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Ascarops strongylina stomach worm

• PPP 6 weeks
• Dung beetle intermediate host
• CS nonpathogenic
• Dx fecal sedimentation Adults stomach
• Tx Ivermectin, doramectin, dichlorvos

Ascarops strongylina, egg. Courtesy of Dr.
Dietrich Barth, Merial
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Stephanurus dentatus kidney worm

• PPP 8 16 months
• CS loss of weight, condemnation organs
  migrating larvae
• Dx eggs urine sedimentation adults cysts
  perirenal fat and pelvis of kidney larvae -
  liver
• Tx Ivermectin, doramectin

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Figure 6-53 Egg of Stephanurus dentatus, the swine kidney worm. These eggs are strongyle type that is, they are oval, thin-shelled eggs containing 4 to 16 cells and measuring 90 to 120 µm by 43 to 70 µm. Eggs can be recovered from the urine by urine sedimentation.
(From Hendrix CM, Robinson E Diagnostic parasitology for veterinary technicians, ed 3, St Louis, 2006, Mosby.)
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Trichinella spiralis Trichina worm

• LC 4 days 20 days for larvae to be infective
• Dx necopsy
• Tx none, dont feed uncooked garbage to pigs,
  cook all meat to recommended temperature and time
• ZOONOTIC ingestion of raw meat

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Taenia solium Pork tapeworm

• Taeniasis, cysticercosis
• LC 2 months, swine intermediate host
• Dx necopsy cysterci serologic test humans/
  pigs eggs feces - humans
• Tx none, dont feed human feces, cook all meat
  to recommended temperature and time
• ZOONOTIC ingestion of raw meat

Taenia solium cysticerci in the masseter muscle
of an adult pig.
(Photo courtesy of Dr. A. Lee Willingham III,
WHO/FAO Collaborating Center for Parasitic
Zoonoses, Denmark
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Balantidium coli

• Protozoa
• LC 6 14 days
• CS mild severe enteritis
• Dx necopsy - LI fecal flotation
• Tx Tetracycline, metronidazole
• ZOONOTIC

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Figure 6-51 A, Balantidium coli of swine in histopathologic section. This photomicrograph was taken at low magnification. Note that B. coli is quite large and easily visible (arrows). B, B. coli of swine in histopathologic section. This photomicrograph was taken at higher magnification than A.
(From Hendrix CM, Robinson E Diagnostic parasitology for veterinary technicians, ed 3, St Louis, 2006, Mosby.)
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Figure 6-50 Trophozoite stage of Balantidium coli, the ciliated protozoan found in the large intestine of swine. The trophozoites may be 150 by 120 µm, with a sausage- to kidney-shaped macronucleus. They are covered with numerous rows of cilia and move about the microscopic field with lively motility. The cyst is spherical to ovoid and 40 to 60 µm in diameter, with a slight greenish-yellow color.
(From Hendrix CM, Robinson E Diagnostic parasitology for veterinary technicians, ed 3, St Louis, 2006, Mosby.)
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Treatments
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References

• K Holtgrew-Bohling , Large Animal Clinical
  Procedures for Veterinary Technicians, 2nd
  Edition, Mosby, 2012, ISBN 97803223077323
• Laboratory procedures for Veterinary Technicians,
  5th edition, 2007, Hendrix C.M Sirois M.
• http//vetmed.iastate.edu/vdpam/new-vdpam-employee
  s/food-supply-veterinary-medicine/swine/swine-dise
  ases
• http//www.flockandherd.net.au/other/reader/sarcop
  tes20pigs.html
• http//www.ent.iastate.edu/imagegallery/
• http//nematode.net/NN3_frontpage.cgi?navbar_selec
  tionspeciestablesubnav_selectionAscaris_suum

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References

• http//www.ecvpath.org/october-2008/
• http//cal.vet.upenn.edu/projects/dxendopar/parasi
  tepages/hooklungstrongyloides/s_ransomi.html
• http//parasitology.cvm.ncsu.edu/quiz/swine/exam2/
  swinequizEA.php
• http//uk.merial.com/producers/swine/woe/woe_04.as
  p
• http//vetpda.ucdavis.edu/parasitolog/Parasite.cfm
  ?ID94
• http//www.merckvetmanual.com/mvm/index.jsp?cfile
  htm/bc/22605.htm
• http//www.wormbook.org/chapters/www_genomesTrichi
  nella/genomesTrichinella.html
• http//www.cesa.life.ku.dk/Cysticercosis.aspx