Chapter 47 Animal Development

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Chapter 47 Animal Development

• Cell division-mitotic divisions - cleavage
• Differentiation-development of specialized cells
  that are organized into tissues and organs.
• Morphogenesis-movement and rearrangement of cells
  and tissues to give form and shape to the organism

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The acrosomal and cortical reactions during sea
urchin fertilization 4. fusion of the egg and
sperm membranes is the cortical reaction-changes
in the outer egg cytoplasm 5. entry of the sperm
nucleus causes an electrical change in the egg
membrane
Fertilization in sea urchins
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wave of Ca2 release during cortical reaction
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Fertilization in mammals
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Cleavage in the sea urchin embryo
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sea urchin development
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Cleavage in the frog embryo
Morula16-64 cells
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Cross section of Frog blastula
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Gastrulation - morphogenic process to rearrange
the cells of the blastula forming a three layered
gastrula Ectoderm-skin, nervous
system Endoderm-lining of digestive tract and
glandular tissue of most glands Mesoderm-kidney,
heart, muscle, bone, dermis of skin, membranes
and connective tissue of around an organ
sea urchin gastrula
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Invagination-folding inward of the blastula
forming the blastopore Archenteron-primitive gut
lined with endoderm
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Neural plate-layer of ectoderm along the dorsal
middle of the embryo edges fold up neural folds
form the neural groove (primitive streak) and
then neural tube
Organogenesis
Notochord in just ventral to the neural tube
mesoderm tissue moves up and around the neural
tube to form the vertebrae
Notochord in just ventral to the neural tube
mesoderm tissue moves up and around the neural
tube to form the vertebrae
Notochord in just ventral to the neural tube
mesoderm tissue moves up and around the neural
tube to form the vertebrae
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Extraembryonic membranes- Yolk
sac- Amnion- Chorion- Allantois-
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Organogenesis-Chick embryo with rudiments of
most organs
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Development of extraembryonic membranes in a
chick
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Early development of a human embryo and its
extraembryonic membranes
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change in cell shape during morphogenesis
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fibronectin of the ECM cytoskeletal contractile
microfilaments
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Organizer regions in vertebrate limb development
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