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Title: RISE OF MASS DEMOCRACY


1
RISE OF MASS DEMOCRACY
  • Chapter 13

2
Politics Of The People
  • When the Federalists had dominated, democracy was
    suspect, but by the 1820s, it was widely
    appealing.
  • Politicians now had to bend to appease and appeal
    to the masses.
  • Aristocrats were scorned.
  • Western Indian fighters and/or militia
    commanders, like Andrew Jackson, Davy Crocket,
    and William Henry Harrison, were quite popular.

3
Jacksonian Democracy
  • Jacksonian Democracy said that whatever governing
    that was to be done should be done directly by
    the people.
  • Called the New Democracy, it was based on
    universal manhood suffrage.
  • In 1791, Vermont became the first state admitted
    to the union to allow all white males to vote in
    the elections.
  • Bigwigs who used to have power sneered at the
    coonskin congressmen and the bipeds of the
    forest,

4
Voting Requirements in the Early 1800s
5
Election of 1824
  • In the election of 1824, there were four towering
    candidates Andrew Jackson of Tennessee, Henry
    Clay of Kentucky, William H. Crawford of Georgia,
    and John Q. Adams of Mass.
  • All four called themselves Republicans.
  • In the results, Jackson got the most popular
    votes and the most electoral votes, but he failed
    to get the majority in the Electoral College.
  • Adams came in second in both, while Crawford was
    fourth in the popular vote but third in the
    electoral votes. Clay was 4th in the electoral
    vote.
  • By the 12th Amendment, the top three Electoral
    vote getters would be voted upon in the House of
    Reps. and the majority (over 50) would be
    elected president.

6
Corrupt Bargain?
  • Clay was eliminated, but he was the Speaker of
    the House, and since Crawford has recently
    suffered a paralytic stroke and Clay hated
    Jackson,
  • When Clay was appointed Secretary of the State,
    traditional stepping-stone to the presidency,
    Jacksonians cried foul play.
  • John Randolph publicly assailed the alliance
    between Adams and Clay.
  • Evidence against any possible deal has never been
    found

7
A Corrupt Bargain?
8
A Yankee Misfit in the White House
  • Austere.
  • Short, bald, stiff and frosty. Loner.
  • Very successful Sec. of State, but was not well
    suited to the presidency.
  • How he won made things worse
  • He refused to play the spoils game made
    supporters grumpy
  • History Channel V John Q. Adams

p259
9
Adams Unpopular Policies
  • John Quincy Adams was a man of puritanical honor
  • He rejects the spoils system.
  • In his first annual message, Adams urged Congress
    on the construction of roads and canals, proposed
    for a national university, and advocated support
    for an astronomical observatory.
  • Public reaction was mixed roads were good, but
    observatories werent important, and Southerners
    knew that if the government did anything, it
    would have to continue collecting tariffs.

10



In 1839, slaves held captive aboard the ship La Amistad revolted, took control of the vessel, and tried to sail it back to Africa. The ship was seized by an American frigate and taken to the U.S., setting off a controversy that pitted the courts against the President and raised the consciousness of the North about the evils of slavery. The La Amistad incident was a milestone in the development of the abolitionist movement. In 1839, slaves held captive aboard the ship La Amistad revolted, took control of the vessel, and tried to sail it back to Africa. The ship was seized by an American frigate and taken to the U.S., setting off a controversy that pitted the courts against the President and raised the consciousness of the North about the evils of slavery. The La Amistad incident was a milestone in the development of the abolitionist movement.
In 1839, slaves held captive aboard the ship La
Amistad revolted, took control of the vessel, and
tried to sail it back to Africa. The ship was
seized by an American frigate and taken to the
U.S., setting off a controversy that pitted the
courts against the President and raised the
consciousness of the North about the evils of
slavery. The La Amistad incident was a milestone
in the development of the abolitionist movement.

11
Going Whole Hog For Jackson In 1828
  • Jacksonians argued, Should the people rule?
  • They successfully turned public opinion against
    an honest and honorable Chief Executive.
  • However, Adams supporters also hit below the
    belt, even though Adams himself wouldnt stoop to
    that level.
  • Jacksons mother a prostitute, called he an
    adulterer
  • John Q. Adams had a billiard table and a set of
    chessmen,
  • The Jacksonians criticizing Adams incessant
    spending.

12
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13
The Jacksonian Revolution of 1828
  • Jackson got 647,286 popular votes to Adams
    508,064 and he also beat John in the Electoral
    College, 178 to 83.
  • Jackson had support from the West and South,
    while New England liked Adams.
  • The political center of gravity was shifting west
  • Jackson sped up the process of transferring
    national power from the countinghouse to the
    farmhouse, and became the Peoples President,
    not the aristocrat.
  • Adams still had a distinguished political career
    after presidency, getting elected to the House of
    Reps. of Massachusetts,
  • When he died in 1848, his funeral was the
    greatest pageant Washington D.C. had ever seen,
    and his popularity was greater near then end of
    his political career than during its zenith.

14
Jackson InaugurationFirst Kegger in the White
House?
15
The Center of Population in theCountry Moves WEST
16
Jacksons Philosophy
  • Jacksons Firsts
  • First president from the west
  • First to be nominated at a formal convention
  • First President without a college education
    (except Washington)
  • First President who not part of the educated
    elite that was at the heart of the revolution and
    the Constitution.
  • He was called Old Hickory by his troops because
    of his toughness.
  • Suspicious of the federal government because it
    was remote from the people
  • Believed in limited Fed. government (See
    Jefferson)
  • Hostile to the active federal econ. role of
    American System National Bank
  • Strong believer in the Union
  • opposed nullification and those who did not
    believe that federal power was supreme. (See
    Hamilton)

Technology
17
Jackson Nationalizes the Spoils System
  • The spoils system rewarding supporters with good
    positions in office.
  • Jackson believed that experience counted, but
    that and erasing the old.
  • Since the election of 1800, many positions had
    not changed.
  • Increases with each new president

18
The Tricky Tariff of Abominations
  • New England and East like Tariffs. Reduces
    competition.
  • South and West hate tariffs.
  • Economic concerns
  • Political/Sectional concern
  • Jacksons supporters try to put JQ Adams in
    political trap by pushing for a very high tariff.
  • Plan backfires, and tariff is passed.
  • South is outraged at Adams, and calls it Tariff
    of Abomination

19
Nullies In South Carolina
  • In an attempt to meet the Souths demands,
    Congress passed the Tariff of 1832, a slightly
    lower tariff
  • The state legislature of South Carolina called
    for the Columbia Convention.  The delegates of
    the convention called for the tariff to be void
    within South Carolina. 
  • Henry Clay introduced the Tariff of 1833.  It
    called for the gradual reduction of the Tariff of
    1832 by about 10 over 8 years.  By 1842, the
    rates would be back at the level of 1816. 
  • The compromise Tariff of 1833 ended the dispute
    over the Tariff of 1832 between the South and the
    White House.  The compromise was supported by
    South Carolina but not much by the other states
    of the South.

20
Transplanting the Tribes
  • Jacksons Democrats were committed to western
    expansion, but such expansion meant confrontation
    with the Indians who inhabited the land east of
    the Mississippi.
  • The Society for Propagating the Gospel Among
    Indians was founded in 1787 in order to
    Christianize Indians.
  • The five civilized tribes were the Cherokees,
    Creeks, Choctaws, Chickasaws, and Seminoles. 
    President Jackson wanted to move the Indians so
    the white men could expand. 

21
Indian Removal Act
  • Indian Removal Act (1830).
  • voluntary removal of Indians from southeast to
    reservations in Eastern Kansas and Oklahoma.
  • Forced removal of over 100,000 Indians.
  • Heaviest blow falls on the Five Civilized Tribes
  • Theory behind the policy
  • Trail of Tears
  • Bureau of Indian Affairs -1836
  • Black Hawk Rebellion

22
Indian Removal
23
The Bank War
  • President Andrew Jackson despised the Bank of
    the.
  • The Bank of the United States was a private
    institution, accountable not to the people
  • The bank minted gold and silver coins.  Nicholas
    Biddle, the president of the Bank of the United
    States, held an immense power over the nations
    financial affairs.
  • The Bank War erupted in 1832 when Daniel Webster
    and Henry Clay presented Congress with a bill to
    renew the Banks charter. 
  • Clay pushed to renew the charter in 1832 to make
    it an issue for the election of that year.  He
    felt that if Jackson signed off on it, then
    Jackson would alienate the people of the West who
    hated the Bank.  If Jackson vetoed it, then he
    would alienate the wealthy class of the East who
    supported the Bank. 
  • The veto showed that Jackson felt that the
    Executive Branch had more power than the Judicial
    Branch in determining the Constitutionality of
    the Bank of the United States.

24
The Election of 1832
  • The United States presidential election of 1832
    saw incumbent President Andrew Jackson, candidate
    of the Democratic Party, easily win reelection
    against Henry Clay of Kentucky.
  • Jackson won 219 of the 286 electoral votes cast,
    easily defeating Clay, the candidate of the
    National Republican party and Anti-Masonic Party
    candidate William Wirt. John Floyd, who was not a
    candidate, received the electoral vote of South
    Carolina.

25
Burying Biddles Bank
  • The Bank of the United Statess charter expired
    in 1836.  Jackson wanted to make sure that the
    Bank would be exterminated. 
  • In 1833, 3 years before the Banks charter ran
    out, Jackson decided to remove federal deposits
    from its vaults.  Jackson proposed depositing no
    more funds in the bank and he gradually shrunk
    existing deposits by using the funds to pay for
    day-to-day expenditures of the government.
  • The death of the Bank of the United States left a
    financial vacuum in the American economy. 
    Surplus federal funds were placed in several
    dozen state banks that were political supportive
    of Jackson.
  • In 1836, wildcat currency had become so
    unreliable that Jackson told the Treasury to
    issue a Specie Circular- a decree that required
    all public lands to be purchased with metallic
    money.  This drastic step contributed greatly to
    the financial panic of 1837.

Nicholas Biddle
p271
26
The Birth Of The Whigs
  • Established in 1834, the Whig Party was a
    reaction to the authoritarian policies of Andrew
    Jackson. King Andrew,
  • The term Whig was taken from English politics,
    the name of a faction that opposed royal tyranny
  • Whig supporters of the American System. In some
    respects the Whigs were the descendants of the
    old Federalist Party, supporting the Hamiltonian
    preference for strong federal action in dealing
    with national problems.
  • The Whigs supported government programs, reforms,
    and public schools.  They called for internal
    improvements like canals, railroads, and
    telegraph lines.
  • Congress has ALL legislative power
  • Henry Clay and Daniel Webster were the
    unquestioned luminaries of the Whig Party.
    Neither was able to overcome sectional jealousies
    and gain the coveted presidency.

27
The Election of 1836
  • Martin Van Buren was Andrew Jacksons choice as
    his successor in the election of 1836.  General
    William Henry Harrison was one of the Whigs many
    presidential nominees.  The Whigs did not win
    because they did not united behind just one
    candidate.

28
Election of 1836
  • Whig candidates
  • William Henry Harrison, former U.S. senator from
    Ohio
  • Daniel Webster, U.S. senator from Massachusetts
  • Hugh L. White, U.S. senator from Tennessee
  • Jackson hand-picks Van Buren as his successor and
    engineers his nomination.
  • Van Buren won only a narrow majority of the
    popular vote, but won electoral vote, 170-124.

29
Woes for Van Buren
  • Skilled politician and very bright.
  • Inherited lots of political problems.
  • Party peeved at Jackson rammed through his
    nomination
  • Inherits all Jacksons enemies, but not Jacksons
    support from common man.
  • Jacksons economic policies (specie circular)
    caused economic downturn.

30
Depression And Independent Treasury
  • The basic cause of the panic of 1837 was the
    rampant speculation prompted by a get-rich
    scheme.  Gamblers in western lands were doing a
    land-office business on borrowed capital.  The
    speculative craze spread to canals, roads,
    railroads, and slaves. 
  • The panic of 1837 caused many banks to collapse,
    commodity prices to drop, sales of public to
    fall, and the loss of jobs.
  • Van Buren proposed the Divorce Bill.  Not passed
    by Congress, it called for the dividing of the
    government and banking altogether. 
  • The Independent Treasury Bill was passed in
    1840.  An independent treasury would be
    established and government funds would be locked
    in vaults. 

31
Gone to Texas
  • 1823 Mexico grants a huge tract of land to
    Stephan Austin.
  • Mexicos conditions on settlers
  • Why does Mexico open land to Americans?
  • Americans come, but largely ignore the two
    conditions.

Moses Austin
32
American Settlement in Texas
  • 1835, 30,000 Americans in Texas.
  • Davy Crockett, Sam Bowie and Sam Houston.
  • Tension between Mexico and Texans
  • Slavery issue
  • Mexicos policies to regain control
  • Santa Anna

Sam Houston. First Governor of Texas Big Drunk
33
The Lone Star Rebellion
  • Early 1836, Texas declares its independence with
    Sam Houston as commander in chief.
  • Santa Anna attacks the Alamo
  • Goliad
  • Santa Anna defeated at San Jacinto
  • Santa Anna captured and forced to sign treaty
    under duress. Rio Grande
  • Santa Anna quickly repudiated the treaty, but
    doesnt have power to attack again.

34
Log Cabins and Hard Cider of 1840
  • Van Buren nominated by the Dems in 1840 no
    strong alternative.
  • Whigs passed over Clay and Webster and nom.
    William Henry Harrison.
  • John Tyler of Va. is his VP
  • Harrison platform vague.
  • Texas wanted diplomatic recognition from US.
  • Jackson was reluctant to recognize Texas as an
    independent republic.
  • Why?
  • On last day of office he does recognize Texas.
  • Texans want to be part of the US and request
    annexation.
  • Why was annexation by US politically complicated?

35
The Two Party System Emerges
  • Two party system began to reemerge under Jackson
    and fully reemerged in the election of 1840 with
    the Whigs.
  • Both parties were big-tent parties containing
    diverse elements
  • Were also diverse geographically, and their
    presence helped retard the development of purely
    sectional parties

36
Whigs v. Democrats
  • Democrats
  • States rights
  • federal restraint in social and economic affairs
  • Champion of individual and working class.
  • Distrusted privileged class attempts to usurp
    government
  • Strong in South and West
  • Opposed high tariffs as benefiting eastern
    business at expense of farmer.
  • Whigs (Majority)
  • willing to use government to realize their
    objectives
  • argued against using class differences to appeal
    to self interest of one class over another.
  • Believed in strong govt initiative such as the
    Bank US, tariffs, internal improvements, public
    schools and moral reform, such as slavery.

37
The Advent Of Old Hickory Jackson
  • When he became president, Andrew Jackson had
    already battled dysentery, malaria, tuberculosis,
    and lead poisoning from two bullets lodged
    somewhere in his body.
  • He personified the new West rough,
    jack-of-all-trades, a genuine folk hero.
  • Jackson had been early orphaned, was interested
    in cockfighting as a kid, and wasnt really good
    with reading and writing, sometimes misspelling
    the same word twice in one letter.
  • He went to Tennessee, where he became a judge and
    a Congressman
  • A man with a violent temper, he got into many
    duels, fights, stabbings, etc
  • He was a Western aristocrat, having owned many
    slaves, and lived in a fine mansion, the
    Hermitage, and he shared many of the prejudices
    of the masses.
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