Restoration, Reaction

1
Restoration, Reaction Revolution
2
Congress of Vienna

• Signed in 1815.
• Prevent another French Revolution moreover,
  another Napoleon.
• Included the system of a balance of power.
• Military component each member was to provide a
  certain amount of troops. In the event of a
  threat, this military body would come to use.

3
Alliance Systems

• Holy Alliance was formed on September 1815.
• Members were Russia, Prussia and Austria.
• Sought to protect all Christians in Europe.
• Quadruple Alliance was formed on November 1815.
• Members were Russia, Prussia, Austria and
  Britain.

4
Congress of Vienna contd

• Evolved into the League of Nations (WWI).
• After WWII, it became the United Nations which
  still exists today.
• Congress System prevented political progress?
• ?Conservative powers

5
CONSERVATISM

• Intensified after 1815.
• Despised Revolutions, constitutions, and the
  Enlightenment!
• Tradition over reason.
• Authority over equality.
• Community over individual.
• Aristocratic/upper classes.

6
Conservative 1 Klemens von Metternich

• The Odious Ideas of the Philosophes
• some menwho had the art to prepare and conduct
  mens minds to the triumph of their detestable
  enterprisesimply abandoning themselves to the
  one feeling of hatred of God and of His immutable
  moral lawsSpeak of a social contract, and the
  revolution is accomplished!...The revolutionary
  seed had penetrated into every country.

Writes to Tsar Alexander I of Russia. Expressing
his dislike of Enlightenment ideas and how they
caused the French Revolution. He strongly
believed in the suppression of revolution and
restoration of European balance.
7
Conservative 2 Edmund Burke

• Reflections on the Revolution in France Thanks
  to our sullen resistance to innovation, thanks to
  the cold sluggishness of our national character,
  we still bear the stamp of our forefatherswe are
  not the converts of Rousseau we are not the
  disciples of Voltaire.

Despised the philosophes because he believed they
caused revolution. If Christianity and authority
are abandoned, then another French Revolution
will occur!
8
European Restoration

• To ensure balance of power, former Napoleonic
  territories were redistributed? eliminate French
  hunting grounds
• Belgium the Netherlands
• Rhine region
• Lombardy and other Italian states
• German Confederation
• NEW THREAT RUSSIA!

9
(No Transcript)
10
Bourbon Restoration

• Louis XVIII was chosen to rule France.
• Constitutional Charter limited powers of the
  king.
• Ultras
• Reincorporation of France in European affairs

11
ROMANTICISM VS. ENLIGHTENMENT

• Interest in Middle Ages.
• Respected existing political institutions.
• Sentimentality.
• Cultural and literary movement.

• Disliked the Middle Ages.
• Rationality.
• Reason.
• Empirical evidence scientific proof.
• Era.

Both re-introduced religion and mysticism to the
intellectual sphere.
12
Romantic 1 William Wordsworth

• power of poetry and the imagination.
• Famous works includes Lyrical Ballads
• Worked with Samuel Taylor Coleridge who helped
  with Lyrical Ballads.

Pastoral poetry shepherds natural setting.
13
Romantic 2 William Blake
To cast off from poetry all that is not
inspiration
power of the imagination science is the end of
religion. Famous works includes The Marriage of
Heaven and Hell, Songs of Innocence and of
Experience.
14
Bourgeois Europe

• Bourgeoisie were most influential in France,
  England, Belgium and some of the German states.
  Least influential in Russia, Spain and Austrian
  empire.
• Slowly emerging in Prussia.
• Supported liberalism.

15
New Professions

• Growth of cities led to the increase of doctors
  and lawyers.
• However, doctors struggled to be recognized, as
  well as gain their professional status.
• WHY?
• Other professions in veterinary science, school
  teachers, bureaucracy and pharmacology.

one shouldnt fear workers, but doctors without
patients and lawyers without briefs
16
Bourgeois Hierarchy
17
Lifestyle and Education

• Apartments! The wealthy lived in the uppermost
  floors, while the lower floors were occupied by
  the poor.
• Access to running water.
• Parks, theatres, department stores
• more leisure time!

• Rise of Universities!
• More people from the middle class had a secondary
  education.
• Clergy still controlled school systems in Spain
  and Italy.

18
LIBERALISM

• Protection of individual freedom and the states
  duty to protect it-familiarity?
• POWER OF THE PEOPLE!
• Denounced all forms of repression
• Greater influence in France and Britain.

19
Liberalists

• Adam Smith economic freedom?
• laissez-faire theory.
• The Wealth of Nations (1776). Unrestricted
  function of the economy will bring in WEALTH!
• Smith influenced many British businessmen because
  they were optimistic about continuous progress.

20
Ongoing Labour Improvements

• Recall Factory Act (1833) Poor Law (1834)
• Establishment of poorhouses, public health,
  prisons and schools.
• 1836 centralized system for recording births,
  deaths and marriages.
• 1832 British franchise was extended to the
  middle class (750 000 men could vote!)
• Workers Associations

21
Free Trade

• Britain was the first to implement free trade in
  Europe. Motivated other countries.
• World trade grew 10 in 1820-30
• 60 in 1840-50.
• Prussias zollverein (abolished trade tariffs) in
  1834.
• France lowered its tariffs in the 1850s.

• CHINA Britain has been importing silk, spices
  and tea from China.
• China only wanted opium, which came from India.
• 1830s China was buying 40 000 chests of opium
  from India.
• ? Opium War (1840)

22
REVOLUTIONAGAIN!
23
Spain

• Ferdinand VII was the king of Spain.
• Recognized a liberal constitution moderate
  monarchy, Cortes (Assembly), freedom of press,
  right of property and freedom from arbitrary
  arrest.
• Strongly allied with ecclesiastical and noble
  classes.
• Spanish rule was beginning to disintegrate
  because of constant uprisings in its colonies
  but also in Spain itself-1820.
• Result? Ferdinand VII was thrown out and the
  French took over Madrid.

24
FRANCE

• Louis XVIII dies in 1824. Succeeded by Charles X.
• Charles was the total-opposite of Louis he was
  conservative.
• 1829 election onwards? discontent.
• Lafayettes recommendation-Louis Philippe.
• Ongoing impact of the French Revolution on the
  French people.

25
POLISH UPRISING 1

• 1815 majority of Poland was integrated into
  Russian Empire.
• Secret revolutionary organizations were emerging
  in Russo-Poland? raised suspicion.
• 1825 restriction of rights
• November 1830 riots in Warsaw.
• Early December, Poles wanted complete
  independence from the Russians.
• 1831 REVOLUTIONbut it was suppressed? ABSOLUTE
  RULE!

26
1825 Decembrist Revolt

• Carried out on December 14, 1825 against the
  accession of Nicholas I.
• Organized by the Northern and Southern Societies.
• Unsuccessful revolt-suppressed by the tsar and
  military.
• Emergence of the intelligentsia in Russia
  (Slavophiles and Westernizers).

27
BELGIUM

• 1815 Belgium and Netherlands are unified.
• 1830 tension begins.
• Although Dutch comprised the minority of the
  population, they dominated ALL state affairs.
• Catholics had to pay higher taxes than
  Protestants.
• 1831 BELGIAN INDEPENDENCE!
• Belgium had a constitutional monarchy, King
  Leopold I with a two-house pariliament.

28
GREEK SITUATION

• First successful nationalist revolution.
• Lured romantics from Western Europe e.g., Lord
  Byron and Percy Bysshe Shelley.
• 1822 Turks massacred the entire Greek population
  of Chios.
• Treaty of London Britain, France and Russia
  threatened to attack the Turks if they did not
  accept? Turkish defeat at Navarino.
• 1832 GREEK INDEPENDENCE! (Greece was guaranteed
  protection Otto I of Bavaria was crowned King of
  Greece)

29
Nationalism

• Began to rise after the Napoleonic wars, as a
  reaction to the conservative regimes.
• 1830s people began to recognize independent
  nations based on language, religion and custom.
• Prior to 1848, few nationalist movements were
  successful (Greece and Belgium).
• Strongest movements developed in the Hapsburg and
  Ottoman empires (multiple ethnicities)
• Giuseppe Mazzini and Young Italy (sought to unify
  Italy). Influenced other young national
  organizations.

30
CLASS WORK

• Read chapter 16 in the textbook
• Go through the power point slides and add
  information where you feel it is necessary. (it
  will not make sense to you if you do not do
  this!)
• p. 229 answer questions 1-9, 10