AKS 44: Industrialization, Nationalism, and Imperialism

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AKS 44Industrialization, Nationalism, and
Imperialism

• CHAPTER 24.3 PAGES 692-697 CHAPTER 25 PAGES
  717-741 CHAPTER 28.2 PAGES 810-813

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Industrialization in EnglandContributing Factors

• Agricultural Revolution
• Wealthy bought more land ? experimentation
• Results
• Tried new agricultural methods
• Small farmers forced to become tenant farmers or
  give up farming move to cities
• Ex Jethro Tull invented seed drill

Jethro Tulls Seed Drill
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Industrialization in EnglandContributing Factors

• Crop Rotation
• Improved medieval 3-field system
• Ex
• Year 1 Wheat (exhausted soil nutrients)
• Year 2 Root crop like turnips (restore
  nutrients)
• Year 3 Barley
• Year 4 Clover

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Industrialization in EnglandContributing Factors

• Why Britain?
• Natural Resources
• Water power coal fuel machines
• Iron ore construct machines, tools, buildings
• Rivers inland transportation
• Harbors merchant ships set sail

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Industrialization in EnglandContributing Factors

• Why Britain?
• Economic Expansion
• Investment in new inventions
• Highly developed banking system
• Growing trade, economic prosperity, climate of
  progress ? increased demand for goods

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Industrialization in EnglandContributing Factors

• Why Britain?
• Political Stability
• No wars on British soil
• Positive attitude
• Laws to encourage business
• Britain had factors of production (land, labor,
  and capital)

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Industrialization in GermanyContributing Factors

• Natural Resources
• Obstacle political disunity
• Coal-rich Ruhr Valley
• Led to importation of British equipment,
  engineers
• Sent children to England to learn industrial
  management

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Industrialization in GermanyContributing Factors

• Railroads
• Built linking manufacturing cities to Ruhr Valley

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Industrialization in JapanContributing Factors

• Meiji Reform
• Meiji enlightened rule
• Mutsuhito symbolized pride nationalism
• Took over govt after Tokugawa shogun stepped down

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Industrialization in EnglandProcess

• Transportation
• James Watt improved steam engine
• Robert Fulton put steam engine in steamboat
• England canals built slashed cost of
  transporting goods
• Improved roads where wagons would not sink when
  it rained
• Steam-powered locomotives

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Industrialization in EnglandProcess

• Rise of Cities
• Growth of factory system ? city building and
  people shift toward cities (urbanization)
• Built near sources of energy (coal water)
• London most important

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Industrialization in EnglandProcess

• Living Working Conditions
• No development plans, sanitary building codes
• Lacked housing, education
• Sickness widespread
• Avg. worker 14 hrs/day, 6 days/wk
• Factories not clean or safe no aid in case of
  injury
• Coal mines most dangerous children and women
  employed here b/c they were cheap

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Industrialization in GermanyProcess

• Transportation
• See above
• Economy Military
• Economic strength spurred ability to become
  military power

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Industrialization in JapanProcess

• Transportation
• Followed industrialization
• Early 1900s modern economy
• Built railroads

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Industrialization in JapanProcess

• Westernization
• To counter western influence modernize
• Diplomats sent to Europe, N. America to study
  Western ways
• Chose best adapted
• Modernized military

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Industrialization in JapanProcess

• Modernization
• Coal production grew
• Built thousands of factories
• Expanded unique production (tea silk)
• Shipbuilding to be competitive with west

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IndustrializationWorking Conditions

• Industry created many new jobs
• Factories were dirty, unsafe, dangerous
• Factory bosses exercised harsh discipline
• Long-Term Effect
• Workers won ? wages, shorter hours, better
  conditions

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IndustrializationSocial Classes

• Factory workers overworked, underpaid
• Overseers skilled workers rose to lower middle
  class. Factory owners merchants formed upper
  middle class.
• Upper middle class resented those in middle class
  who became wealthier than they were.
• Long-Term Effect
• Standard of living rose

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IndustrializationSize of Cities

• Factories brought job seekers to cities
• Urban areas doubled, tripled, or quadrupled in
  size
• Many cities specialized in certain industries
• Long-Term Effect
• Suburbs grew as people fled crowded cities

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IndustrializationLiving Conditions

• Cities lacked sanitary codes or building controls
• Housing, water, social services were scarce
• Epidemics swept through the city
• Long-Term Effect
• Housing, diet, clothing improved

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Impact of IndustrializationRise of Global
Inequality

• Widened wealth gap b/w industrialized
  non-industrialized countries
• Industrialized saw poor countries as markets for
  manufacturing products
• Began seizing colonies for economic resources ?
  imperialism

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Impact of IndustrializationTransformation of
Society

• Industrialization tremendous economic power
• Population, health, wealth rose dramatically in
  all industrialized countries
• Development of middle class education
  democratic participation ? social reform

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Important WritingsAdam Smith

• Basic Ideas
• Economic liberty guaranteed economic progress
• Government need not interfere in the economy
• Wrote Wealth of Nations

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Important WritingsKarl Marx

• Predicted destruction of the capitalist system
  creation of a classless communist state in which
  the means of production would be owned by the
  people
• Wrote Communist Manifesto

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Impact of Urbanization on WomenMixed Blessing

• Good Factory work higher wages than work done
  at home
• Bad Women usually made 1/3 the amount men made

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Impact of Urbanization on WomenReform Movements

• Women formed unions in women-dominated fields
• Served as safety inspectors in women-dominated
  factories

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Impact of Urbanization on WomenJane Adams

• Ran a settlement house to provide social services
  to residents of a poor neighborhood

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NationalismUnification of Germany

• Led by Prussia
• Otto von Bismarck Prime Minister under Wilhelm
  I
• Policy of Realpolitik
• Tough power politics - no idealism
• Issues not decided by resolutions, but by blood
  and iron
• Allowed him to expand Prussia achieve dominance

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GermanySeven Weeks War (1866)

• Bismarck provoked Austria to declare war on
  Prussia
• Prussia (superior training equipment)
  humiliated Austria
• Austrians lost Venetia given to Italy
• Had to accept Prussian annexation of more German
  territory
• Prussia took control of N. Germany for 1st
  time, E W Prussia joined

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GermanyFranco-Prussian War (1870-1871)

• Bismarck manufactured incident that caused
  France to declare war on Prussia
• Final stage in German unification
• S. Germans (Catholic) accepted Prussian
  (Protestant) leadership
• King Wilhelm I crowned Kaiser emperor
• Called empire Second Reich (HRE was the 1st)
• Bismarck achieved Prussian dominance by blood
  and iron

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NationalismUnification of Italy

• Led by Sardinia
• Camillo di Cavour Prime Minister under Victor
  Emmanuel II
• Worked to expand Sardinian Empire
• Succeeded through war, alliances, help of
  nationalist rebels
• Unified Italy in process

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Germany Italy - Similarities

• Leaders were aristocrats
• Nations united by nationalism
• One state led unification

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JapanModernization Pays Off for Japan

• By 1890, Japan had
• Several dozen warships
• 500,000 well-trained, well-armed soldiers
• Became strongest military power in Asia

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JapanJapan Gains Western Favor as a Nation-State

• Constitution legal codes similar to European
  nations
• Wanted to eliminate extraterritorial rights of
  foreigners
• 1894 foreign powers accepted it
• Strength feeling of equality rose
• Became more imperialistic

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Reaction to Foreign DominationRusso-Japanese War
(1904-1905)

• Causes
• Russia refused to stay out of Korea
• Japanese led surprise attack on Russian navy
  anchored off coast of Manchuria

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Reaction to Foreign DominationRusso-Japanese War
(1904-1905)

• Results
• Destruction of Russian navy
• Territorial gains for Japan
• Withdrawal of Russia from Manchuria Korea

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Reaction to Foreign DominationYoung Turks

• Progressive group that believed in liberalism,
  constitutionalism, materialism, centralized
  government, and nationalism
• Opposed imperialism
• Impact
• Tradition of dissent shaped political and
  intellectual life in late Ottoman period
• State was instrument for social/political change
• Ideals helped form early modern Turkish state

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Forces of ImperialismMotives

• Economic competition for markets raw materials
• National pride
• Racism
• Missionaries' desire to Christianize civilize
  non-European peoples

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Forces of ImperialismTechnological Advantages
over Africa

• Superior weapons
• Railroads, cables, steamships
• Quinine (drug) to protect from malaria

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Forces of ImperialismFactors Making Africa
Vulnerable

• Africans great diversity of languages and
  cultures
• Ethnic rivalries
• Lower level of technology, including weapons

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Division of AfricaBerlin Conference of 1884
1885

• Agreement among 14 European nations about how to
  divide Africa among European countries
• Outcomes
• Random distribution of African ethnic
  linguistic groups among European nations
• Transformation of the way of life of Africans

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From Cairo to Cape Town
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Division of AfricaClash in South Africa

• Zulus
• Shaka created large centralized state
• Successors unable to keep together against
  British superior arms British invaded 1879
• Fell to British control in 1887
• Boers (Dutch) a.k.a. Afrikaners
• 1st Europeans to settle in S. Africa
• British
• Took over Cape Colony in early 1800s clashed
  with Boers over British policy regarding land
  slaves

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Division of AfricaBoer War (1899-1910)

• Diamonds/gold discovered in 1860s 1880s
• Boers launched commando raids used guerilla
  tactics
• British burned farms imprisoned women
  children
• Britain finally won
• Outcome
• Creation of self-governing Union of South Africa
  controlled by British

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French Control of IndochinaHow Brought Under
Control

• Missionaries were killed
• French army invaded Vietnam
• Combined it with Laos and Cambodia

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French Control of IndochinaMethod of Control

• Direct control
• French themselves filled all important positions
  in govt

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French Control of IndochinaEconomic Policies

• Discouraged local industry
• Rice became major export crop

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French Control of IndochinaColonial Impact

• Imposed French culture
• All schools, courts, businesses followed French
  models
• ? of local industries
• Less food for peasants

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Japanese in AsiaWar with China (Sino-Japanese
War) (1894-1895)

• How it started
• Rebellion broke out against Koreas king, who
  asked China for military help
• Chinese troops marched into Korea
• Japan protested violation of agreement sent its
  troops to fight the Chinese
• Consequences
• Destruction of Chinese navy
• Beginning of Japanese colonial empire
• Change to worlds balance of power
• Emergence of Russia Japan as major powers (
  enemies) in Asia

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Japanese in AsiaOccupation of Korea

• Annexed Korea brought under control
• Ruled Korea harshly
• Established very repressive govt that denied
  rights to Korea
• Inspired Korean nationalist movement

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Interaction with WesternersOpium War (China)

• Setting the Stage
• China self-sufficient, little trade w/ west ?
  favorable balance of trade
• Europeans wanted to find product Chinese would
  buy in large quantities ? found it in opium
• Many Chinese became addicted

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Interaction with WesternersOpium War (China)

• Causes
• Chinese emperor wanted trade stopped ? Britain
  refused to stop

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Interaction with WesternersOpium War (China)

• Results Effects
• Chinese defeat humiliation
• Cession of Hong Kong to Britain
• Continuation of opium trade
• Extraterritorial rights for foreign citizens
• Chinese resentment against foreigners

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Interaction with WesternersTaiping Rebellion
(China)

• Setting the Stage
• Population provided major challenge growing 30
  in only 60 years

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Interaction with WesternersTaiping Rebellion
(China)

• Causes
• Hunger/starvation caused by inability to feed
  enormous population
• Increasing opium addiction
• Poverty

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Interaction with WesternersTaiping Rebellion
(China)

• Results Effects
• Rebellion put down
• Restoration of Qing to power (with help of
  British and French forces)
• 20 million people died

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Interaction with WesternersCommodore Matthew
Perry (Japan)

• Perry Arrives in Tokyo
• Arrives with letter from U.S. President Fillmore
• Letter politely asked shogun to allow free trade
• Perry gave threat that he would return with
  larger fleet in one year to get Japanese reply
• Purpose shock frighten Japanese into accepting
  trade with U.S.

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Interaction with WesternersCommodore Matthew
Perry (Japan)

• Treaty of Kanagawa (1854)
• Japan opened two ports where ships could take
  supplies

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Interaction with WesternersCommodore Matthew
Perry (Japan)

• Benefits to U.S.A.
• Gained rights to trade at those two ports
• Opened door for other W powers

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Effects of ImperialismColonization

• Europeans control land and people in areas of
  Africa, Asia, and Latin America

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Effects of ImperialismColonial Economics

• Europeans control trade in the colonies and set
  up dependent cash-crop economies

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Effects of ImperialismChristianization

• Christianity is spread to Africa, India, and Asia