Origin of Civilizations Chapter I

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Origin of Civilizations Chapter I

• AP World History

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Timeline
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The Spread of Human Populations, c. 10,000 B.C.E.
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The Spread of Agriculture
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Big Picture Snap Shot

• Most people were still nomadic hunter and
  gatherers, in spite of the new civilizations-
  only about 5 lived in cities.
• Definitions of civilization Elements urban,
  monumental building, writing, specialized
  occupations Aspects of civilizations? Cities,
  writing, political organization
• Animism- belief that things in nature have souls
  or conscience, later a supernatural force
  animates organizes the universe.
• Key Events
• (Neolithic) Agriculture Revolutions (Actually
  more like an evolution)
• Earliest known settlements about 7000 BCE
• Jericho (Jordan River ) Catal Huyuk in Turkey
• Early river valley civilizations, advanced urban
  cultures of Mesopotamia Egypt
• Key technology- irrigation
• Cultural hearths develop (meaning where
  civilizations began)
• Origins of major religions

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Mesopotamia 3200-1500BC State Building ,
Expansion, Conflict

• Political structures forms of governance
• Type of system- Sumerian states were not unified
  until about 2300BCE when Sargon the Great
  conquered the area- Before Sargon- most city
  states were theocracies
• Empires- (Nations)
• Sargon started the Akkadian Empire (Akkad, near
  current Baghdad)
• About 2200 BCE city-state of Ur took over power
  controlling trade
• During 1700s BCE- Hammurabi started the 1st
  Babylonian Empire
• Revolts and revolutions
• Global structures - Not many global
• interactions at the time just trade usually
  local.

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State Building , Expansion, Conflict

• Political structures forms of governance
• Type of system- Monarchy/Theocracy
• Pharaohs enjoyed more power prestige than
  almost any ruler in World History. (god)
• Empires-
• Old Kingdom (3100-2500BCE) Most powerful little
  outside influence. Start of Pyramids as Tombs
  (Djosers Pyramid and his architect Imhotep)
• Middle Kingdom (2100-1650BCE) Peaceful period
  until the Hyksos invaded/assimilated, start of
  Bronze Age in Egypt, started trade with
  neighbors, middle class of merchants officials,
  

Egypt, Kush and Axum
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State Building , Expansion, Conflict

• New Kingdom (1570-700BCE) Most recognized time
  names of Pharaohs, started conquering nations
  Nubia 1st, Hebrew Exodus, Battle of Kadesh
  against the Hittites. Downfall after 1200BCE,
• Then Egyptian Empire was gone, back to the Nile
  River enduring
• Invasion by Sea Peoples 1200BCE,
• Libya 950BCE and later Nubian reunification/Assimi
  lation
• Phoenician Purple People influence Culture
  (Carthage 813BCE)
• Kush invaded 777-750BCE, Pianky became ruler-
  Assimilated
• 671 BC the Assyrian Empire invaded Egypt
• End of Ancient Egypt
• 605 BCE Babylonian king Nebuchadnezzar invaded
• 526 BCE Persians invaded and assume power
• 404 Egypt regains independence
• 338 Persia regains control
• Alexander the Great Egypt 332 BCE Ptolemy
  Dynasty 323BCE
• Romans after times of protection etc Octavian
  invades 30BCE

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Kush Nubia
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Creation, Expansion, and Interaction of
Economic systems

• The Neolithic Revolution - 8000 to 3500 B.C.E.
• Agricultural pastoral production
• Horticulture (seed planting, science of plant
  cultivation)
• Development of the Fertile Crescent
• Animals began to be domesticated, Animals from
  12,000 B.C.E. dogs, sheep, goats, pigs
• Sedentary agriculture (Year round farming) used
  to plow fields (slow development Revolution?)
• Most believe it was caused by climatic shifts
• Began the development of towns

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The Spread of the Neolithic Revolution

• Hunting-and-gathering persists
• Pastoralism is animal husbandry
• Some mobile Nomadic tribes
• Search of fresh pasture and water
• Crops Material
• Sub-Saharan Africa root and tree crops
• Northern China millet
• Southeast Asia, to China, India, islands Rice
  
• Mesoamerica, Peru Maize, manioc, sweet
  potatoes
• 5,000 years later.
• Bronze Age Copper Tin Bronze Brass

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Creation, Expansion, and Interaction of
Economic systems

• Trade Commerce- 3000-1700BCE Local trade,
  little contact with Egypt
• All the city-states were economically
  independent, but local battles and war slowly
  unified them economically.
• About the time of Hammurabi 1700s BCE the
  Babylonians started trading actively with many
  countries including Egypt.
• Labor system- Slaves made up a big portion of the
  coordinated projects, unpleasant/dangerous work
• Most people would work together on the irrigation
  
• Occupations
• Read and write Scribes, Bookkeepers, Priests
• The start of craftsmanartisans - (not literate,
  but trained) metal, leather, pottery, jewelry,
  carpentry, masonry.

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Development Interaction of Cultures

• Religions
• Mesopotamia Sacred text-2000BCE, (Oral since
  about 7000BCE),
• Epic of Gilgamesh, Uruk
• Pursuit of eternal life, but did not find it.
• Egyptian Sacred text- The Book of the Dead
  funeral rites, and the after life, copy buried
  with body in the new Kingdom.
• Key beliefs- Polytheistic, deities intervening in
  human affairs, each city had its own God, they
  worshiped their Gods because they were mighty,
• Mesopotamia Sacred Place/structure Ziggurats
• Amulets were found on remains- evil spirits,
  Evidence Religious festivals
• Egyptian Sacred place Pyramids (Rock
  Blocks/slabs)
• Was it Universal Ethnic?? Diffusion/spread,
  why? (clues?)

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Development Interaction of Cultures
continued

• Science/Technology-Mathematics (Units of 60, 10,
  6)
• Mesopotamia far more advance in math than Egypt.
• Architecture/Buildings- Ziggurats-(bricks)
• Art- Cuneiform, Statues, paintings, Code of
  Hammurabi

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Development transformation of social
structures Culture

• Gender Roles and relations
• Womens roles, status After Neolithic
  Revolution the distinction between the status of
  men women happened
• Women lost economic power of Gathering
• With Agriculture men slowly took over women's
  roles animals and plants
• In Mesopotamia Egypt both were a patriarchal
  society.
• But in Egypt women were in a higher status i.e..
  Goddesses of Creativity Marriage alliances

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Development transformation of social
structures Culture

• Mesopotamian Society, Elite/Non elites, 4
  categories
• Nobles- King, his family, chief priest, high
  palace officials
• Free Clients of the nobility- Laborers of the
  Nobility, worked the land, in return recd small
  plots of land. (Similar to later feudal system)
• Commoners- Free citizens independent of nobility,
  but not the social status or political power,
  they owned land and were protected by laws.
• Slaves/Ethnic classes- Slaves were usually
  captured foreigners/POWs, plus criminals, or
  paying debts.
• Family kinship (Clans)-Lived in traditional
  family units.
• Heavy penalties for adultery
• Husband had absolute power

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Development transformation of social
structures Culture Cont

• Communication
• Mesopotamian Language- Sumerian
• Later Semite, bases of most Arab languages
• Egyptian for Egypt
• Hittites Indo-European
• Mesopotamian Writing system- 3500BCE Cuneiform
• Egyptian Writing Hieroglyphics-

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Interactions between Humans and
environment

• Migrations- Theory outward from Middle East from
  central Africasome local trade.
• Settlement patterns along river valleys
• Technology (impact on environment)-
• Redirection of water through irrigation
• Bricks for the Ziggurats
• Limestone blocks for Pyramids
• Both cultures into astrology
• Settlements, villages
• Slash and burn agriculture

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Major Comparisons/Contrasts

• Egypt and Mesopotamia
• Nile and Euphrates/Tigris Rivers
• Bronze Age (cooper tin) Mesopotamia 3000BCE /
  Egypt 1700BCE after being attacked by Hyksos
• Iron Age happened about 1000BCE (More
  inter-relation)
• Religions Polytheist
• Economy very similar (stone cutter to Egypt)
• Writing Hieroglyphs (Picture graphs) v.
  Cuneiform
• Buildings Ziggurats vs. Pyramids
• A Major Contrast
• Their geographical location shaped very different
  political, economic, and cultural beliefs and
  practices. Egypt was isolated for much of its
  existence, while Mesopotamia was at a cross roads
  of population movements, and invasion

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Overview of Mesopotamian Egypt

• Continuity Change-over-Time- (C.C.O.T)
• Continuities
• Early regional cultural hearths
  diffusion/movement of material and non material
  culture
• Irrigation based advanced, settled urban cultures
• Conflict between settled and nomadic cultures
• Slavery generally consequences of conquest,
  debts, or poverty.

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C.C.O.T. continued.

• Changes
• Increased of people living in settled,
  agricultural, cultures
• Increased population in advanced, urban cultures
• Decline in status of women, increased patriarchy
  in agricultural based societies
• Increased local and later regional trade routes
• Rise and fall of empires