Study Guide

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Study Guide Spanish Empire building

• Crusades Crusading Mentality
• Tainos/Arawaks
• Bull
• Treaty of Tordesillas
• Bull Romanus Pontifex
• Vacuum Domicillum
• Encomienda
• Apalachee Pope Revolt

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Study Guide Questions

• What Nations joined in the colonization of North
  America? How did they contribute to Americas
  National Heritage?
• What were their motives?
• What were their relations with the indigenous
  peoples?
• What role did disease play in re-settlement of
  North America?
• What ideologies justified subjugation and murder
  or first nation peoples?
• Did nations differ in motives? Institutions of
  conquest and Ideology?

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Explorers, Conquerors, and Saviors Spains
Empire Building in the Americas
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Crusades Crusading Mentality

• 1,000s of years of invasion for commercial
  interest
• 711 Moors defeat last Gothic/Christian King
• Muslim Contributions to Europe Cordoba, Spain
• Crusades beginning in 1095 beginning 600-700
  years of struggle
• Crusades series of military campaigns waged by
  Christians
• Land Labor
• Crusading Mentality
• Valued war
• Valued accumulated wealth
• Sense of Religious superiority
• Sense of Religious Mission

5
Empire Building

• 1452 Bull Romanus Pontifex
• Declared war against all non Christians, slavery
  and exploitation
• Canary Islands 1400-1490s
• extermination of Guanches
• Crusades Mentality
• Begin to identify expansion with conquest of
  peoples rather than trade
• Led exploration over seas
• formed the rationalization for conquest and
  invaders assumed an innate and absolute
  superiority over all other people because of
  divine endowment

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Columbus

• Zinn Chapter 1
• Loewen Chapter 2
• Heroification
• Motives
• Impact on Taino/Arawak

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Bull Intercaeteras Treaty of Tordesillias
1493
1494
Western Hemisphere from Mexico South
becomes Spanish
Sphere of Influence
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Motives for Exploration

• Search for Wealth
• Gold, silver, raw materials
• Search for All Water Route to Asia

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Basis for ConquestEuropean Legalisms

• Vacuum Domicillum
• Duty to civilize and convert people and land from
  useless wilderness to Useful garden in the
  name of god, the right to vacant land
• Right of Conquest/Discovery
• Right of Christians to take possession of lands
  not Christian by force of arms
• Papal Bull
• Charter, patent, decree by the Pope

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Misunderstandings

• Sacrifice ritual Cannibalism Vs. genocide
• Ambiguous Christian/Moral Messages
• War its objectives
• Gender Matrilineal vs. Patriarchal
• Invasion conquest reordered the indigenous
  world fundamentally

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The Exchange

• New World gets
• Diseases bubonic plague, pneumonic plague,
  tuberculosis, small pox, measles, chicken pox,
  cholera, influenza, typhus
• Plants mainly cultigens (weeds), citrus fruits,
  grapes, wheat
• Animals pigs, horses, sheep, cattle, goats and
  rats

• New World gives
• Diseases syphilis (debated)
• Plants corn, beans, squash, potatoes, peanuts,
  tobacco
• Animals turkey

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Demographic Impact of Contact

• 1492 100-300 million people in western
  hemisphere
• Epidemic Disease killed 65 - 100 of populations

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Institutions of Conquest

• Enslavement Exploitation
• Presidio, pueblo, Missions, Encomiendas
• Encomienda
• Number of Indians entrusted to an encomendero for
  labor
• civilization and Christianization
• uprooted to work and die in the mines,
  plantations and public works

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New World Exploits Andes

• Inca Empire
• 8-12 million people of Inca Empire
• Advanced in city planning, sciences, agriculture,
  art
• Cotton Textiles pre-date fertile crescent
• 1531 Francisco Pizarro enters Cuzco
• Disease major factor in down fall

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Mayan City Pre-Aztec
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New World Exploits Meso-America

• Aztec Empire
• Cortez entered Tenochtitlan in 1519
• Montezuma held prisoner
• Disease Tlaxcalans

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Aztec Court
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Tenochtitlan
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Cortez meets with Monteczuma
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Cortez Tlaxcalans
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New World Exploits North America

• South East (Today United States)
• Panfilo de Narvaiz 1528 Tampa Bay, Fl
• Apalachee killed 400 soldiers
• Alvar Nunez Cabeza de Vaca survived, spread
  rumors of golden cities

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New World Exploits North America

• South West (AZ NM)
• Francisco Vasquez de Coronado 1530s-1661
• Entered Zuni pueblos of Arizona and New Mexico
• 1661 Pope Revolt
• 400 soldiers killed
• Lived without Spanish interference until 1689

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Reading Questions

• 1. What characterized Indigenous Societies
  Pre-contact? What generalizations can be reached?
  
• 2. When comparing contrasting European and
  indigenous values and life ways what problem
  arises in discussing the issues of civilization
  vs. Barbarism and progress vs. primitive or
  Backward?

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Reading Questions

• 3. What developments allowed Europeans to
  re-settle the Americas?
• 4. Why is it important to acknowledge these
  developments?
• 5. What evidence is there for non-European
  exploration in the Americas pre-Columbus? Why is
  this important to acknowledge

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French, Dutch English Re-settlement

• Challenge to Spains Empire Building

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Study Guide French, Dutch English

• Reformation
• French Haudenosaunee
• Dutch West India Co. William Kieft
• The Lost Colony
• Jamestown Pamunkey Tribe
• Starving Time
• Opechancanough the Just War
• Pilgrims at Patuxet Wampanoags
• Puritans Pequot's
• Puritan Covenant Pequot War
• Reservations
• King Phillip/Metacoms War

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Western Europe

• 1337-1453 England France
• One Hundred Years War
• 1347-1351
• The Black Death Bubonic Plague
• 1/3 of Europes population

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European Society

• Rigid Hierarchy
• Monarchs
• Aristocrats
• Gentry
• Peasants and laborers
• Large Disparity of wealth class struggle
• Abuse of power by the Church

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Protestant Reformation

• Martin Luther 1517
• 95 Thesis
• Sale of indulgences to finance St. Peters in Rome
• Translated Bible into German
• Direct Relationship with God

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95 Thesis

• Challenged power, wealth and Authority of the
  church
• Challenged by emerging commercial class

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French Re-settlement

• 1608 1st French settlement Quebec
• Relations with the five tribes Haudenosaunee
  Onondaga, Seneca, Mohawk, Cayuga, Oneida
• Nation-to-nation basis
• Friendship, cooperation, alliances, marriage and
  absorption

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Dutch Swedish

• Henry Hudson 1609
• Claimed New York, Delaware, Pennsylvania,
  Virginia for Netherlands
• Established Dutch West Indian Co.
• Mohicans Pequot's key to expansion and fur
  trade
• Friendly relations until no longer useful
• General William Kieft 1639
• Advocated extermination of Indians
• Killed off Many Lenape, Mohicans, Esophus
  others

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English Re-settlement

• Sir Walter Raleigh 1584-1587
• Roanoke Island (The Lost Colony)
• Royal Charter to Virginia Co. 1606
• Jamestown Pamunkey Tribe
• Pilgrims 1620
• Plymouth (Patuxet) Wampanoags
• Puritans 1630
• Massachusetts Bay Pequot's

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Chief Powhatan

• 1607 Chief Powhatan of the Pamunkey
• 200 towns villages Agriculture, seafood,
  hunted gathered

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Jamestown

• Motive land wealth
• Preconceived notions of Savage
• Indians impediment to progress
• Starving Time 1607
• ½ settlers dead
• Saved by charity of Powhatan

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English Response

• John Smith 1608
• Indian Problem
• Military solution
• Powhatan
• Stopped gifts of food
• Population 60/500
• survived 2nd Starving Time
• Relief ship 1610 saved colony

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Pocahontas My Favorite Daughter

• 1612 kidnapped Matoaka Powhatans 17 yr old
  daughter
• Married John Rolf mediator until death

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Resistance Effort

• Opechancanough
• Powhatan's brother and head of the Indian
  Confederation in 1618
• Resisted expansion and Exploitation
• 1622 - 1/3 of colonists killed
• John Smith
• It will be good for the plantation because now
  we have just cause to destroy them by all means
  possible

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1622
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Scorched Earth Campaign

• 1622-1644 A Just War
• Enslaved
• Take land
• Poisoned 200 at a peace conference
• War of extermination

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Genocide Removal

• Peace
• Established boundaries
• Indian scouts for Virginia Militia
• Annual tribute of furs
• 1715 forced removal of remaining tribes
• Virginia lost 75 of native population

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Pilgrims

• 1620 Plymouth, Massachusetts
• Mayflower compact
• Viewed people of Pamet Nauset Satans
  children

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Massasoit's Treaty with the Pilgrims

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Indian relations

• Massasoit Big Chief of Wampanoags and other
  tribes
• Introduced fur trade
• Major source of capital
• Squanto Patuxet Wampanoag
• Assisted Pilgrims through starving time

• 1621 Thanksgiving

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Puritans

• Never endured a Starving time
• By 1640 25,000 puritans out numbered Indians in
  the region
• Puritan Covenant City Upon the Hill
• The chosen elect, outsider insider mentality
• Gods chosen, right to land extermination

John Winthrop
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Pequot War 1637

• Impediment to Puritan Progress
• Pequot's resisted encroachment killings

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Removal Reservations

• 1638 Reservation Campaign
• 14 plantations, 1200 acres among Quinnipiac
  Tribe, New Haven, CT.
• Prohibited tribal government religion
• Foreshadowed 19th century reservation system of
  United States established by the Office of Indian
  Affairs