Computer%20Hardware

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Computer Hardware

• How to Choose a Multimedia Computer

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ENIAC - The FirstElectronic Digital Computer
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The Four Functions of a Computer
DATA
INPUT
PROCESSING
OUTPUT
INFORMATION
STORAGE
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The System Unit
Power Supply
Hard Drives or CD-ROM Drives
System Board
Floppy Drive
Expansion Card
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Directions of Computer Development

• Miniaturization
• Transistors
• Integrated circuits
• Solid state
• Semiconductor
• Chip

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Integrated Circuit

• IC, or "chip"
• Made from Silicon
• Includes Transistors, Resistors Capacitors

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Steps in Manufacture of a Microchip

• Make large drawing. Reduce drawing hundreds of
  times to microscopic size.
• Duplicate reduced photo many times on sheet.

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Etched Silicon Wafer
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Future Developments in Processing Storage

• Moores Law
• Gordon Moore predicted the number of transistors
  on a silicon chip will double every 18 months
• It has held up since the 1960s!

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The System Unit The Basics

• The CPU
• Older CPUs processing speeds are in MegaHertz
• 1 MHz 1 Million ticks per second
• Current CPUs processing speeds are in GigaHertz
• 1 GHz 1 Billion ticks per second
• The faster a CPU runs, the more power it
  consumes, and the more heat it generates

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Secondary Storage, Primary Storage and the CPU
Secondary Storage (Disk)
CPU
Load
Main Memory (RAM)
Execute
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How Memory Works RAM, ROM, Flash

• Types of memory chips
• RAM - Random Access Memory, used to temporarily
  hold software instructions and data
• ROM
• Flash

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How Memory Works RAM, ROM, Flash

• Types of memory chips
• RAM
• ROM - Read-Only Memory, which cannot be written
  on or erased by the computer user. Contains
  fixed start-up instructions
• Flash

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How Memory Works RAM, ROM, CMOS, Flash

• Types of memory chips
• RAM
• ROM
• Flash - can be erased and reprogrammed more than
  once

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Bits Bytes

• Kilobyte
• Megabyte
• Gigabyte
• Terabyte
• Petabyte

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Binary Coding Schemes

• ASCII
• EBCDIC
• Unicode

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Microchips

• Microprocessors
• Memory
• Logic
• Communications
• Graphics

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Central Processing Unit

• Control Unit
• Arithmetic/Logic Unit
• Registers

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CU
CPU

• ALU

Registers
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Control Unit

• Controls step-by-step operation of computer

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Arithmetic/Logic Unit

• Arithmetic
• 2 4 6
• 10 - 6 4
• Logic
• 9 gt 6
• 3 lt 7
• 5 5

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Registers

• Temporary storage locations within the CPU

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CPU Operation

• Machine Cycle
• Time it takes to process one machine instruction
• Two parts
• Fetch Cycle - Get instruction, decode it, set up
• Execution Cycle - Carry out the instruction

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TOTAL 13 12
CPU

• CU

ALU
Registers
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TOTAL 13 12
CPU
ADD

• CU

ALU
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TOTAL 13 12
CPU
ADD

• CU

ALU
13
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TOTAL 13 12
CPU
ADD

• CU

ALU
13
12
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TOTAL 13 12
CPU
ADD

• CU

ALU
13
12
25
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TOTAL 13 12
CPU
ALU

• CU

STORE
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12
25
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Two Types of Storage

• PRIMARY Storage - Main memory or RAM
• SECONDARY Storage - Auxiliary Storage (disks,
  Flash etc.)

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Disk Drives
Drive A Floppy DRIVE
Drive C Hard Drive (Internal)
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Secondary Storage DevicesHard Disks

• Nonremovable disks
• Known as a fixed disk
• Capacity up to 1 terabyte
• Consists of 4 - 3.5 inch metallic platters

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Hard Disk Drive
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Magnetic Disk Uses Direct Access
1 5 6 3 2
4 7
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Magnetic Disk Storage
Rotational Delay
Seek Time
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Disk Heads
Read/Write Head
Hair
Dust
Magnetic Disk Surface
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Head Crash
Read/Write Head
Disk Surface
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Compact Disk (CD)
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Secondary Storage DevicesOptical Disks

• CD compact disk
• about 700 megabytes
• CD-ROM
• CD-R
• CD-RW

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Secondary Storage DevicesOptical Disks

• DVD digital video disk
• 4.7 17 gigabytes
• DVD-ROM read-only
• DVD-R rewritable one time
• Reusable types
• DVD-RW
• DVD-RAM

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Flash Memory

• Flash memory is nonvolatile

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Input and Output

• INPUT - We provide the DATA to be processed
• OUTPUT - We use the INFORMATION produced

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Input Output Hardware

• Input hardware
• Translates words, numbers, sounds, and pictures
  into numbers
• Output hardware
• Translates numbers back into words, numbers,
  sounds, and pictures

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Some Input Devices

• Keyboards
• Pointing devices
• Mouse
• Trackball
• Touch screen
• Pen input
• Source data-entry devices
• Scanner
• Text (OCR)
• Voice
• Video
• MICR
• FAX

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Input Hardware

• Keyboards convert letters, numbers, and
  characters into electrical signals
• English keyboards differ from foreign language
  keyboards

German Keyboard
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Input HardwareWebcams and Video-input Cards

• Webcams
• Video cameras attached to a computer to record
  live moving images then post them to a website in
  real time
• Require special software, usually included with
  the camera

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Input HardwareCamera Phones

• Digital cameras are now on cell phones
• Convenience of being able to take photos, then
  instantly email or message them to someone else

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Touch Screen
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Input HardwareSource Data-Entry Devices

• Scanning devices imaging systems
• Scanning devices bar code readers
• Magnetic-ink character recognition (MICR)
• Optical-mark recognition (OMR)
• Optical character recognition (OCR)
• Scanning devices fax machines

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Check Processing
9999999 12345687
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Source Data-Entry Device
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Bar Code
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Smart Cards
Similar to credit cards Contain a microprocessor
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Digital Camera
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GPS
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Biometrics

• Fingerprints
• Retina Scanning
• Face Recognition

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Output Hardware

• Softcopy
• Data that is shown on a display screen or is in
  audio or voice form exists electronically
• Output that is ephemeral in nature
• Hardcopy
• Printed and film output
• Output that is more permanent in nature

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Display Screens
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Resolution

• Resolution

..................................
Resolution TOTAL PIXELS
dots across by dots down Example 1024 X 768
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Types of Terminals

• Dumb Terminals
• Intelligent Terminals

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Specialized Terminals

• ATMs
• POSs

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MIDI Music
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Output HardwareHardcopy Devices

• Impact printers
• Dot-matrix
• Nonimpact printers
• Laser
• Ink-jet

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Other Types of Output

• Projectors
• COM
• Machine Control
• Voice
• House Control Center

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Machine Control
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Health Matters

• Repetitive stress injuries
• Carpal tunnel syndrome
• Eyestrain headaches
• Back neck pains
• Electromagnetic fields
• Noise

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Ergonomics

• Fitting the job environment to the worker
• Purpose make working conditions and equipment
  safer and more efficient

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Ergonomic Considerations

• Chair
• Keyboard Height
• Wrist Rest
• Monitor Height
• Lighting
• Noise

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Ergonomic Keyboard
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Ergonomics

• Eye strain
• Radiation
• Glare

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Ethics

• Theft
• Counterfeiting

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