Single Pilot IFR

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Single Pilot IFR
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Single Pilot IFR

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Single Pilot IFR

• In this presentation we will discuss
• Cockpit Resource Management (CRM)
• IFR Qualification
• Pre-Flight Planning
• In-Flight Task Management

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Definitions of CRM

• There are actually two definitions for the
  acronym. They are
• Crew Resource Management, and
• Cockpit Resource Management.
• They are used interchangeably but have slightly
  different connotations. Regardless, both can be
  used effectively by a single pilot.

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Definitions of CRM

• Cockpit Resource Management can be all inclusive
  and encompass Crew Resource Management or it can
  be taken to simply cover effectively using the
  equipment and tools in the cockpit.

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Definitions of CRM

• Crew Resource Management addresses effectively
  using the entire crew but can also be taken to
  include the aircraft systems in the cockpit.
• There are principles of crew management that can
  be adapted to the single pilot environment.

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CRM History

• The idea of CRM started with a NASA workshop on
  Resource Management on the Flightdeck in 1979.
• The concern was to improve flight safety in the
  air transport industry by making more effective
  use of the crew and equipment in the cockpit to
  overcome something called co-pilot syndrome

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CRM History

• The original NASA focus or first generation CRM
  was Cockpit Resource Management but this morphed
  into Crew Resource Management in the 1980s and
  the second generation of CRM. Third generation
  CRM in the 1990s attempted to expand the concept
  to cabin crews, dispatchers and maintenance
  groups.

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CRM History

• On the flight deck the idea was to make sure the
  challenge and response of the checklist meant
  something more than giving the correct answer.
  Additionally, they were looking for a way the
  co-pilot could validate flight management
  decisions without eroding the captains
  authority.

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CRM History

• The Air Force became interested in Cockpit
  Resource Management for single seat aircraft in
  the early 1990s when they realized pilots were
  becoming so pre-occupied with tasks in the
  cockpit at low altitude that they were
  inadvertently flying into the ground. They called
  it CFIT Controlled Flight Into Terrain

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CRM Theory

• Crew Resource Management in the multi-place
  environment looks to the crew to work as a team
  to back each other up and have delineated duties
  to share the cockpit work load.
• One pilot flys the plane and responds to the
  checklist while the other reads the checklist,
  handles the nav/com and keeps up with navigation
  and other cockpit duties

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CRM Theory

• Crew Resource Management in the single pilot
  environment attempts to create a second voice in
  the cockpit through procedural check lists and
  decision making activities
• Delay/abort for weather or maintenance
• Land short of the intended destination for
  mechanical problems or malfunctions
• Divert from the intended destination for Wx or
  fuel

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CRM Theory

• Cockpit Resource Management in the single seat
  and multi-place cockpit looks to good pre-flight
  planning to reduce in flight work load and
  effective multi-task management during flight to
  focus attention on the priority task making
  maximum use of aircraft systems to assist the
  pilot(s) as they conduct the flight.

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CRM TheoryKey Elements Cognitive Skills

• Civilian
• Planning Decision Making
• Situational Awareness
• Communications
• Teamwork
• Stress
• Crew Coordination

• Military
• Mission Planning
• Situation Awareness
• Decision Making
• Task Management
• Communications
• Flight Integrity/Crew Coordination

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CRM Theory

• Planning Pre-flight analysis, planning,
  in-progress flight evaluation, and post flight
  critique
• Situational Awareness (SA) How to maintain SA,
  recognizing loss of SA, and regaining SA
• Decision Making Risk assessment, break downs in
  judgment and flight discipline, problem solving
  and control measures
• Stress Completing the flight, passenger
  confidence, personal expectations, expectations
  of others

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CRM Theory

• Task Management Establishing priorities,
  recognizing overload, complacency, use of
  aircraft systems, available resources, checklist
  discipline, following operating procedures
• Communications Common errors, cultural
  influences, language, idioms, listening, saying
  whats important
• Flight Integrity/Crew Coordination Putting it
  all together, personal skills limitations,
  behavioral styles, avenues of dissent, and team
  building

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CRM Theory

• CRM helps the pilot manage cockpit work load so
  the tasks dont exceed the pilots capacity at
  any given time.
• Pilot capacity is fairly constant during a flight
• Work load varies as the flight progresses

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CRM Theory

• This chart depicts pilot work load during various
  flight phases as a percent of pilot capacity,
  that is the number of things the pilot can
  effectively handle at any given moment.
• NOTE The values depicted are notional for the
  example and not based on any actual data

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CRM Theory

• During a normal flight work load will not
  approach capacity, but when the unexpected
  happens or the flight planning was incomplete,
  work load can approach or exceed pilot capacity
  to cope.

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CRM Theory

• When work load exceeds capacity the problem is
  obvious. The insidious problem is that as work
  load approaches 100, your stress goes up and the
  ability to make good decisions goes down.

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CRM and You

• Lets break our efforts to improve our
  effectiveness in the cockpit into two areas
• Pre-flight and
• in the air
• There are two great tools to help with pre-flight
  planning and flight management in the air. Both
  give you a check list to put a virtual co-pilot
  next to you as you plan and fly.

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CRM and You

• In the pre-flight phase we can use the mnemonic
  PAVE to plan a safe flight and in the air use
  CARE to maintain situational awareness and make
  effective flight management decisions. Good
  pre-flight planning makes it easier to be ahead
  of the airplane in the air, organizes your tasks,
  and allows for better decision making during the
  flight.

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CRM and You

• In pre-flight planning the PAVE checklist reminds
  you to consider
• Pilot Health (IMSAFE - Illness, Medication,
  Stress, Alcohol, Fatigue, and Emotional state)
  qualifications, capabilities, currency,
  proficiency, IFR/VFR
• Aircraft Equipment, performance, load, fuel
  capacity, runway surface and length, operating
  ceiling, limitations

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CRM and You

• The PAVE checklist continued
• EnVironment Weather, personal minimums, terrain,
  over water, high altitude operations, airspace
  and NOTAMs
• External Pressures Expectant host, planned
  meeting, special event, passengers

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CRM and You

• Elements in the PAVE checklist are cumulative. A
  major problem in any area is reason to cancel the
  flight but multiple minor problems in more than
  one area can also make delaying the flight a good
  idea.
• A single problem in any area should be a yellow
  flag to take notice but two or more problem areas
  should be a red flag to take action and change
  your plan.

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CRM and You

• Once youre airborne use the CARE checklist to
  stay on top of factors affecting the flight.
• Consequences Consider consequences of changing
  risk factors during the flight (Pilot, Aircraft,
  EnVironment, and External pressures) and the
  decisions you make regarding them.
• Alternatives Have a back up when you cant
  continue as planned, remembering that your
  alternatives will decrease as the flight
  progresses and you burn the fuel that will allow
  you to take a different route or divert

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CRM and You

• The CARE checklist continued
• Reality Maintain situational awareness and deal
  with the actual conditions, not what you hoped or
  planned would happen. Accept change and take
  proper action
• External pressures Other people or personal
  commitments cause goal oriented behavior at the
  expense of making good decisions.

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CRM and You

• As with the PAVE checklist, items in the CARE
  checklist are also cumulative. While a single
  major problem in any area can cause a complete
  change of plans, minor problems in two or more
  items of the CARE checklist should cause you to
  re-evaluate the situation and take appropriate
  action

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CRM and You

• The PAVE and CARE checklists are your virtual
  co-pilot, the challenging voice in the back of
  your head that causes you to evaluate each flight
  management decision you make and validate that
  decision against a personal standard rather than
  just winging it.

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CRM and You

• PAVE and CARE will help you in all six areas of
  CRM
• Planning
• Situational Awareness
• Decision Making
• Communications
• Teamwork
• Stress
• On the ground and in the air.

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CRM and You

• PAVE and CARE will help your flight planning and
  flight management so you have options readily
  available when the unexpected happens.

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CRM and You

• Planning en-route weather alternates before you
  take off reduces unexpected work load in the
  cockpit if the need to alter your route or divert
  to another airfield becomes necessary during the
  flight

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CRM and You

• Looking up arrival field frequencies and field
  information during pre-flight planning rather
  than when you are approaching your destination
  allows you more time to clear and concentrate on
  navigation and controller instructions as you
  approach your destination.

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CRM and You

• Finally, regardless of the phase of flight, when
  a malfunction or in-flight emergency happens and
  you have to devote full attention to that,
  thorough pre-flight planning will have good
  alternatives readily available for you to select
  without having to devote a lot of thinking and
  analysis to the situation.

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CRM and You

• The difference between a pleasant cross country
  and a stressful trip can be controlled by the
  pilot. Good flight planning and management tools
  like PAVE and CARE and the principles of CRM let
  you control the situation better and make the
  flight more enjoyable

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IFR Qualification

• FAA Instrument Rating
• Currency, Recency, Proficiency
• Additional Qualifications
• Type Rating
• High Altitude Endorsement
• RVSM
• RNP
• SAAAR

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Pre-Flight Planning

• PAVE
• Review Routing
• Good Weather Briefing
• Review Departure(s)
• Review Arrival(s)
• Take off Landing Data (TOLD Card)
• Consider Alternates Now

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In-Flight Management

• CARE
• Clearance Delivery
• Get it before you taxi
• Make sure you understand
• Review the effect of changes
• Program in FMS

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In-Flight Management (cont)

• Hold Short
• CHORD
• Changes
• Hazards
• Operations
• Restrictions
• Departure
• Review TOLD
• Cockpit Organized

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In-Flight Management (cont)

• Departure
• Intermediate level offs
• Other restrictions
• Clearance limit/Expect further clearance
• Enroute (CARE)
• Monitor Flights Progress
• Insure you can continue as planned
• Have alternatives available
• Review arrival procedures
• Arrival
• Have the proper approach plate out ready
• Plan your descent
• Be alert for altitude and speed restrictions

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In-Flight Management (cont)

• Approach
• Listen up for variations
• Fly a stabilized approach
• Know your minimums
• Be ready for the missed approach
• Landing
• Hit the window
• Continue or go missed
• Fly the airplane to the chocks

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In-Flight Management (cont)

• Talk to yourself (and listen)
• Checklist not Do list
• Before Take Off
• Take Off
• Airspeeds alive
• V1
• After Take Off
• Positive rate
• Gear up
• Vref
• Flaps up
• Level Off
• 1000 before

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In-Flight Management (cont)

• Talk to yourself (and listen)
• Descent
• 1000 before level off
• Arrival
• Localizers alive
• Glideslopes alive
• 500 feet to minimums
• 500 feet AGL check window
• 300, 200, 100 feet to minimums
• Runway in sight

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In-Flight Management (cont)

• Whos Your Friend?
• ATC is a resource
• Normal conditions
• Weather
• See Avoid
• Separation
• Extra Help
• Emergencies
• Dedicated Co-pilot

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FAASafety.gov

• Register at FAASafety.gov
• Document your support for the program
• Attend Safety Seminars
• Green Stamps in the Bank
• NASA Incident Reporting
• Immunity for unintentional violations
• 5 year clock
• Must be able to document to be able to use

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• Flying is not inherently dangerous, but
• to an even greater extent than the sea,
• it is terribly unforgiving of any carelessness,
• incapacity, or neglect.

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ich Martindell
Wild Blue Yonder Aviation Safety Consultant and
Aircraft Accident Investigator rich_at_wild-blue-yon
der.com http//www.wild-blue-yonder.com 619-253-7
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