Rise%20of%20the%20Romans

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Rise of the Romans
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Geography of Rome

• 800 B.C. small settlement called Rome built
  along Tiber River
• Rome lies near the center of the Italian
  Peninsula
• Region was called Latium, and people living there
  were called Latins
• Language they spoke was called Latin.

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Geography of Rome

• Citys hills provided natural defense from
  enemies
• Tiber River provided nearby port and
  transportation
• Rome was located on key trade routes
• Trade routes crossed the Tiber river
• Extends into Mediterranean Sea
• Mountains Alps and Apennines
• Plenty of farming land and rivers to travel

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Romulus and Remus
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The Founding of RomeLegends and Facts (P. 311)

• 1) According to legend, who founded the city of
  Rome?
• 2) Who were the mother and father of Romes
  founders?
• 3) In two paragraphs, summarize the story of
  Romes creation.
• 4) Why do you think that historians do not
  believe this legend?
• 5) What is it that archaeologists have discovered
  about Rome?

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People of Italy Who influenced the Romans?

• Greeks

• Etruscans

• Many Greeks had settled in the Italian Peninsula
• Greek Mythology influenced Roman mythology
• Ex. Zeus became Jupiter
• Romans also adopted Greek legends and heroes

• Most powerful people in central Italy when Rome
  was founded
• Lived north of Latium
• Skilled artists and builders
• Sailed around Mediterranean
• Learned from Greeks and Phoenicians

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Roman Society (P.322)

• 1) Define patriarchal society
• 2) What could be some of the disadvantages of
  having a patriarchal society?
• 3) Define paterfamilias
• 4) What kind of power did paterfamilias have?

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Roman Society Women (P.322)

• Women in Rome

• Women in Greece

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Life in Rome Rich and Poor (P.323)

• Wealthy Romans

• Poor Romans

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Life in RomeSlaves (P. 324)

• What was life like for slaves in Rome? Provide
  detailed answers.
• What was a famous example of slaves fighting
  back?

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Early Roman Republic

• A Look at the
• Roman Government

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Patricians
Plebeians

• Lower Class (workers)
• 95 of people
• No say in
• government
• Served in the army

• Wealthy Landowners
• Have a say in government
• Held military and religious positions

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Forms of Government in the World

• Monarchy rule by one person (king or queen)
• Democracy rule by the people
• Oligarchy rule by an elite few
• (aristocracy)
• Dictatorship one person absolute rule
• What are the pros and cons of each of these forms
  of government?

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Roman Government Before the Republic

• Rome began as an independent city-state led by
  monarchs
• Kings (monarchs) ruled with much power
• Leader of army
• Main Priest
• Supreme Judge
• Monarchs built first buildings in the Forum
• Kings ruled with consent from wealthy
  aristocrats.
• Senate (Old Man) Older, wealthy men who
  advised the king in important matters.
• Opinion Why do you think that Roman kings needed
  the approval from wealthy Roman aristocrats?

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Tarquin the ProudThe Last of the Roman Kings

• Lucius Tarquinius Superbus
• 7th and final king of Rome
• Etruscan Origin
• Mistreatment of his people led to rebellion by
  Brutus and aristocrats.
• After him, Rome became a republic
• Citizens have the right to vote and elect
  officials
• Do you think that people in the United States
  would allow for a king to rule them? Why or why
  not?

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The Roman Republic

• Romans chose a complex government, which
  included
• Roman Constitution
• System of laws by which a government is organized
• Rule of law
• Law Applied to everyone
• written laws to protect themselves and their
  liberty
• 12 Tables
• Mixed government combined strengths of all forms
  of governments

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Roman Republic Also Included

• Three branches
• Assemblies, Senate, and Magistrate
• Separation of powers
• no one group has all the power
• Each branch had different responsibilities and
  powers
• One branch could stop (check) another branch from
  misusing power
• Limited Power for Officials in Government
• Two consuls instead of a top leader
• Each consul could cancel the action of the other
  (veto power)
• Government officials were chosen for one year
• Why was a veto power necessary for Roman consuls?

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The Roman Republic The System of Checks and
Balances
Monarchical Aristocratic Democratic
Magistrates2 Consuls (elected officials) Senate Assemblies
Directed government and army Acted as judges Acted as chief priest Controlled state budget Could pass laws Advised Consuls Powerful Part of Government Approved/rejected laws Decided on War Could veto actions of magistrate Open to Plebeians
Basis of power need for leadership Basis of power members were richest men in Rome. Basis of power provided most of the soldiers
Limits on power one year term each could veto Limits on power could not control army Limits on power Could not suggest laws
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Assemblies

• Democratic part of government
• All adult males could participate
• Elected officials and passed laws
• Had power because it was composed by most Roman
  citizens, who were the soldiers at the time.

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Senate

• 300 men
• Chosen for life
• Advise Consul
• Deal with other countries
• Proposes laws
• Approve public works
• Deal with daily government problems

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The Magistrate

• The Race of Honors How to Become a Consul

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Lower Offices of Magistrates

• Quaestor

• Aedile

• Elected by popular vote (patricians and
  plebeians)
• Financial officer
• Kept track of the states money

• If a quaestor did well, he could seek election as
  an aedile
• Duties
• Public buildings
• Public Games

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Offices of the Magistrate

• Tribune of the Plebs

• Praetors

• Defend lives property of plebeians
• Gathered plebeians to Assembly
• Could veto laws
• 10 elected annually

• 8 elected annually
• Judicial duties
• Gathered Senate
• Supervise defense of Rome
• Govern province after term

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Consuls

• Top government officials
• Two chosen every year
• Headed the army and ran the government
• Served for a short term, avoiding risk of abusing
  power
• Veto Power
• The right of the consul to reject the others
  decision. Latin for I forbid

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Occasional Magistrates

• Dictator
• Named by the Senate in times of emergency
• Served only for 6 months but had complete power
• Why do you think that during times of emergency
  (ex. War) Romans would want to give power to only
  one man?

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The Roman Army
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The Roman Legion

• Army was made of professional soldiers who were
  Roman citizens
• Pay and retirement opportunities made people join
• Non-citizens were promised citizenship after 20
  years of loyal service
• Soldiers received choice of land or money when
  they retired

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The Roman Legion

• Roman soldiers swore loyalty to Rome and emperor
• Loyalty to emperor was reinforced through
  holidays recognizing them
• How could emperors make sure that Roman soldiers
  would remain loyal to them? Why was it important
  that they remained loyal to them?

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The Roman Legion

• Emperors had to work at maintaining loyalty of
  army
• Officers received appointments through the
  emperor (received prestige, status, connections
  and wealth)
• Generals were moved like chess pieces within
  empire to avoid loyalty from men
• Men more loyal to leadership than emperor
• Why would soldiers have more loyalty towards
  generals than emperors?

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Roman Legion

• A legion was usually made up of about 5,000
  soldiers
• Centurion commanded 80 men (century)
• A cohort was made up of 6 centuries (480 men)
• 10 cohorts made a legion that was supported with
  a cavalry unit and engineers
• Majority of legions protected Roman frontier
  (borders)

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Roman Legion Military Training

• Military training was rigorous and involved
  marching (20 miles a day) and carrying of
  equipment
• Extensive training in various weapons and
  formations
• Responsible for constructing forts, bridges,
  roads and protective walls
• Maintain constant presence in conquered
  territories

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Roman Weapon
Pilum Sizes Over 20 feet
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Roman Weapons

• Gladius The Romans created their short swords
  after those of the Spanish Celts.
• Spatha Sword used by the cavalry. Much longer
  blade and easier to use than the gladius
• Pugio The legionaries carried a dagger starting
  in the 2nd or 1st centuries BC.

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More Roman Weapons

• Roman ballista heavy weapons that launched
  stone balls, large arrows and multiple arrows
• Used for sieges and protection of fixed positions
  also found on naval warships

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Auxiliaries

• Men from conquered territories who received
  similar training like Romans
• Majority served as archers and were sent far away
  from original homes
• Granted citizenship after 25 years and were paid
  lower wages than Roman troops