Title: The Merchant of Venice
1The Merchant of Venice
2The Merchant of Venice
- Written some time around 1597
- Written as a romantic comedy since it is about
love and ends happily - Fuses many dramatic elements romantic courtship,
riddling love tests, eloping lovers, comic
confusions, a gripping courtroom trial, and a
seemingly harmonious final act - At the core of the play is Shylock, the Jewish
moneylender. He only appears in five of the 20
scenes, but his presence dominates the play.
3Theatrical Traditions of Jews
- Roots of Shakespearean drama begin with mystery
and miracle plays of the Middle Ages, which were
performed by the church for a largely illiterate
audience about Old and New Testament stories.
Jews were often viewed as responsible for
Christs crucifixion. - Jews became the evil villains of Elizabethan
drama. They were one-dimensional stereotypical
characters. - The Jew of Malta, written in 1589 by Christopher
Marlowe, is one such work. Marlowe was
Shakespeare greatest rival.
4 The Merchant of Venice by William
Shakespeare
The Jew of Malta by Christopher Marlowe
Both money-lenders Both have daughters who leave
home with fathers money Both despicable
characters
Shylock is presented as a complex man, whose
every action can be understood, and who
ultimately elicits sympathy from the modern
audience.
Barbaras is a villain who steals, cheats, and
indulges in murder until he finally meets a
gruesome end, boiling in oil.
5Jews in England
- 1075 in Oxford Jews were not confined to ghettos
as many of their European counterparts, but they
were not allowed to be citizens. Because
Christians could not lend money with interest,
many Jews earned lucrative livings as usurers.
In trying to regain debt owed to them, Jews
became the target of resentment. - Late 12th Century Anti-Semitic sentiment
culminated in two massacres, one at the
coronation of Richard I in 1189 (30 Jews killed),
and the other in the city of York in 1190 (150
Jews killed). - In fact, the Magna Carta, is a testament to
growing Anti-Semitic feelingstwo clauses state
that if a debtor dies debt is paid, neither heir
or widow is responsible for paying it. - 1275 Jews forbidden to be money-lenders as well
as other edicts implemented taxation of Jews
over 12 years old and wearing badges that
identified them as Jews. - 1290 (until 1655) Expelled from England
6Jews in Elizabethan Society
- Threat of Civil War
- Staved off threat of rebellion by dealing
ruthlessly with threat of treason, real or
perceived - Climate of religious intolerance against
Christians - Jews who converted living quietly in England
during Elizabeths reign - In 1593 Rodrigo Lopez, the Queens physician, was
accused of trying to poison her, allegedly in
league with the King of Spain. He was convicted
of treason and hung in 1594, and because he was
one of the above Jews, yet another outbreak of
anti-Jewish sentiment occurred. - Therefore, it isnt known whether Shakespeare
ever came into contact with anyone who was Jewish.
7Shakespeares Intent?
- Given the anti-Jewish climate in Elizabethan
England and Shakespeares portrayal of Shylock as
a negative stereotype, it would be reasonable to
assume Shakespeare was an Anti-Semite. - However, the rest of the details of the play do
not support this. - It has been suggested that the real evil is the
corrupt value system of the principal Christian
characters.Antonio, the merchant of the title,
is the worst bigot Portia is also a racist, but
not only were Jews her only victims.
8Contrasts Presented in the Play
- Jew against Christian
- Love against hate
- Usury against venture trading
- Mercy against justice
- Appearances are rarely what the seem gold and
silver prove worthless, identities are mistaken,
women disguised as men trick their husbands.
9Subplots
- Bond Plot
- Casket Plot
- Elopement Plot
- Ring Plot
- These plots are interwoven throughout the play.
10Reading Shakespeare A Review
- Unlocking Shakespeare's Language, by Randal
Robinson - Unusual Word Arrangements
- I ate the sandwich. I the sandwich ate. Ate
the sandwich I. Ate I the sandwich. The
sandwich I ate. The sandwich ate I. - Robinson shows us that these four words can
create six unique sentences which carry the same
meaning. Locate the subject, verb, and the
object of the sentence. Notice that the object
of the sentence is often placed at the beginning
(the sandwich) in front of the verb (ate) and
subject (I). Rearrange the words in the order
that makes the most sense to you (I ate the
sandwich).Â
11- Poetry
- We speak in prose (language without metrical
structure). Shakespeare wrote both prose and
verse (poetry). Much of the language discussion
we will have in this guide revolves around
Shakespeare's poetry. So, it is important that
you understand the following terms -
- Blank Verse unrhymed iambic pentameter.
- Iambic Pentameter five beats of alternating
unstressed and stressed syllables ten syllables
per line.
12- OmissionsAgain, for the sake of his poetry,
Shakespeare often left out letters, syllables,
and whole words. These omissions really aren't
that much different from the way we speak today.Â
We say - "Been to class yet?""No. Heard Albrecht's
givin' a test.""Wha'sup wi'that? - We leave out words and parts of words to speed
up our speech. If we were speaking in complete
sentences, we would say - "Have you been to class yet?""No, I have not
been to class. I heard that Mrs. Albrecht is
giving a test today.""What is up with that?"
13- A few examples of Shakespearean
omissions/contractions follow - 'tis it is ope open o'er over gi'
give ne'er never - i' in e'er ever oft often a'
he e'en even