The Protestant Reformation

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The Protestant Reformation

• The Division of the Church into Catholic and
  Protestant Denominations

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The Protestant Reformation Background - Spain

• 1492 Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of
  Castile unite Spain.
• After uniting Spain, they drive out the Moors, a
  Muslim people from North Africa who had ruled
  much of what is now Spain.
• The Spanish Inquision
• Spain begins to torture people who are
  non-Christian and non-Catholic in attempts to get
  people to convert.
• Muslims (The Moors), Jews (150k of 200k), and
  Non-Catholic Christians (like Anabaptist) are
  tortured, killed, and expelled from Spain.

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The Protestant Reformation Background -
Desiderius Erasmus

• Christian Humanism - The philosophy of Christ
  that Christianity should show people how to live
  good lives rather than a system of beliefs that
  people should practice to be saved.
• The Praise of Folly (1509) humorously criticized
  aspects of society that Erasmus felt needed to be
  reformed.
• He singled out monks for special treatment.

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The Protestant Reformation Background
Corruption in the Catholic Church

• Between 1450 and 1520, a series of popes, The
  Renaissance Popes, became more involved in
  politics than spiritual matters.
• The Renaissance Popes
• Julius II (Warrior Pope)
• Sixtus IV (Nepotism)
• Alexander VI

• Church officials used their offices to advance
  their careers and wealth, and many local priests
  seemed ignorant of their spiritual duties,
  especially instructing the faithful on achieving
  salvation (forgiveness of sins).

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The Protestant Reformation Background -
Indulgences

• The Sale of Indulgences - Church officials would
  sale certificates which granted indulgences, a
  release from punishment for sin.
• The sale of indulgences angered many people and
  led to a movement called the Modern Devotion.
• The Modern Devotion downplayed religious dogma
  and stressed the need to follow the teachings of
  Jesus.

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1517- Martin Luther

• Luther posted 95 Theses on the door of a church
  in Wittenberg, Germany opposing the sale of
  indulgences. This action started the Protestant
  Reformation.
• When the Church would not change its actions,
  Luther called for some German princes to
  overthrow the papacy in Germany and start a
  German reformed church.
• Luther was excommunicated and charged with
  heresy.
• The Diet of Worms the trial of Martin Luther.
• The Edict of Worms - Luther was declared an
  outlaw by Holy Roman Emperor Charles V.

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Bell Ringer 4-17-13

• Read Protestant Reformation The Basics
  worksheet in your groups.
• Answer questions on the back together.

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Main doctrines of Martin Luther

• Justification by Faith
• A person is saved through faith alone.
• The Bible is the only source of religious truth.
• Protestants stress the need of people to read the
  Bible.
• Priesthood of the Believer
• People can have a relationship with God and do
  not need a priest.

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The Rise of Lutheranism

• Many German rulers within the many states that
  made up the Holy Roman Empire seized control of
  Catholic Churches in their territories and set up
  state churches.
• The Mass was replaced by Bible readings,
  preaching, prayer services, and songs.
• Luther kept only 2 of the 7 sacraments, baptism
  and the Eucharist (communion).

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A Mighty Fortress Is Our God

• And though this world, with devils filled,Should
  threaten to undo us,We will not fear, for God
  hath willedHis truth to triumph through usThe
  Prince of Darkness grim,We tremble not for
  himHis rage we can endure,For lo! his doom is
  sure,One little word shall fell him. That word
  above all earthly powers,No thanks to them,
  abidethThe Spirit and the gifts are
  oursThrough Him who with us sidethLet goods
  and kindred go,This mortal life alsoThe body
  they may killGod's truth abideth still,His
  Kingdom is forever.

• A mighty Fortress is our God,A Bulwark never
  failingOur Helper He amid the floodOf mortal
  ills prevailingFor still our ancient foeDoth
  seek to work us woeHis craft and power are
  great,And, armed with cruel hate,On earth is
  not his equal. Did we in our own strength
  confide,Our striving would be losingWere not
  the right Man on our side,The Man of God's own
  choosingDost ask who that may be?Christ Jesus,
  it is HeLord Sabaoth His Name,From age to age
  the same,And He must win the battle.

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Politics in the Rise of Lutheranism

• Holy Roman Emperor Charles V (who was also
  Charles I of Spain) wanted to keep all of his
  territory Catholic, but he faced other problems.
• He had a 20 year war with Francis I of France
  over disputed territory in the west.
• The Pope, Clement VII sided with France.
• He was attacked by the Ottoman Turks in the east.

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Politics (continued)

• When Charles V did try to fight the Protestants
  (followers of Luther), the princes were too
  powerful to defeat.
• 1555 - The Peace of Augsburg.
• German states could choose between Catholicism
  and Lutheranism.
• Lutheran states were to have the same rights as
  Catholic states.
• This was NOT religious freedom - states, not
  individuals, were allowed to choose a religion.

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John Calvin

• John Calvin was the most important reformer in
  France.
• Calvin was forced to flee from France to
  Switzerland when he converted to Protestantism.
• Institutes of the Christian Religion, 1536
• Main Doctrine - Predestination.
• God is all-powerful and has determined in advance
  who would be saved (the elect) and who would not
  (the reprobate).
• The Consistory - council charged with tasks of
  governing a religious organization.

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The English Reformation

• Henry VIII Elizabeth I

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King Henry VIII of England

• Henry was married to Catherine of Aragon, but
  wanted a divorce when she had a daughter, Mary,
  but no son.
• Asked the Pope to annul the marriage, but the
  Pope refused.
• Broke from the Catholic Church and created the
  Church of England with himself at the head (Act
  of Supremacy of 1534) so he could get a divorce.

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Hey Ive been there

• Hampton Court Palace

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6 Wives
                    1. Catherine  of Aragon  Divorced                     2. Anne  Boleyn  Beheaded                     3. Jane  Seymour  Died
                    4. Anne  of Cleves  Divorced                     5. Catherine  Howard  Beheaded                     6. Katherine  Parr Survived
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The Reformation in England under Henry VIII

• Although Henry VIII broke from the Catholic
  Church, under his leadership the Church of
  England remained close to Catholic teaching.
• Henry sold much of the churchs land to wealthy
  landowners gaining wealth and political allies
  for himself.
• When Thomas More opposed the kings action, he
  was beheaded.

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The Reformation in England under Edward VI and
Mary

• When Henry died in 1547, he was succeeded by his
  nine year old son from his third wife, Edward VI.
• During Edwards reign, the Church of England
  (Anglican Church) became more Protestant.

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Queen Mary

• When Edward died in 1533, Mary, Henrys daughter
  by Catherine of Aragon, wanted to return England
  to being Catholic.
• Bloody Mary burned Protestants as heretics, yet
  the people rebelled against this persecution and
  it made England even more Protestant.

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Elizabeth I

• On Marys death in 1558, the throne passed to her
  half-sister, Elizabeth I.
• She made reforms that became known as the
  Elizabethan Settlement.
• a compromise between Protestant and Catholic
  practices.
• Elizabeth restored unity to England she kept
  many Catholic traditions, but made England a
  Protestant nation.
• She was known as the Virgin Queen because she
  never married or had children.

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William Shakespeare and The Globe Theater
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The Anabaptists

• Luther and Calvin saw a union between the church
  and state as important.
• These people, the Anabaptists, wanted the
  separation of church and state.
• To Anabaptists, the true church was a group of
  Adult believers who had undergone a spiritual
  rebirth and then were baptized (adult baptism).
• Anabaptist also believed in the equality of all
  believers.

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The Anabaptists

• Anabaptist were seen by both Catholics and
  Protestants as dangerous radicals.
• Page 428 (An Explosion of Sects)

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The Catholic Reformation

• The Catholic Church reformed after the spread of
  Protestantism.
• This Catholic Reformation was done by
• The Society of Jesus (Jesuits)
• Reform of the papacy
• The Council of Trent.

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Society of Jesus

• The Jesuits were created by a Spanish nobleman,
  Ignatius of Loyola in 1540.
• All Jesuits take a special vow of absolute
  loyalty to the pope.
• Jesuits used education and missionaries to
  restore Catholicism to parts of Germany and
  Eastern Europe.

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Papal Reform

• Pope Paul III appointed a reform Commission in
  1537.
• The commission blamed the Churchs problems on
  the corrupt policies of past popes.

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The Council of Trent

• Pope Paul III called for the leaders of the
  Church to meet in the city of Trent in 1545.
• The Council of Trent met off and on for 18 years.
• Reaffirmed traditional Catholic teaching that
  both faith and good works were necessary for
  salvation.
• Upheld the seven sacraments.
• The belief in purgatory and indulgences was
  strengthened, although the sale of indulgences
  was forbidden.

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Conclusion

• Problems with the Catholic Church of the Middle
  Ages led to the split of the Church. The
  Protestant Reformation begun by Martin Luther in
  1517 still goes on today, and Catholic Reform has
  had a lasting effect on the doctrine of the
  worlds largest Church.