The Second War for Independence

1
The Second War for Independence the Upsurge of
Nationalism

• 1812 1824
• Mr. Love

2
Mr. Madisons War

• War of 1812
• June 1812 declaration of war
• Opposed by Federalists Middle Atlantic states
• West Southern states supported

3
War of 1812

• One of Americas worst fought wars
• People divided/ apathetic
• Militarily unprepared
• Canadian strategy poorly conceived
• Economic life was crippled

4
Indian Resistance

• Battle of the Thames 1813
• Tecumseh killed by William Henry Harrisons
  forces
• Battle of Horseshoe Bend - 1814
• Creek Indians defeated by Andrew Jackson

5
Canadian Strategy

• 3 pronged invasion of 1812
• Troops sent from Detroit, Niagara, Lake
  Champlain
• All were beaten back shortly after they crossed
  the Canadian border. Some militia would not
  cross state lines. Made it hard to engage enemy!

6
British Canadians

• Displayed energy from the outset
• Captured Fort Michilimackinac (SAY IT 3 TIMES
  FAST)
• Commanded the upper Great Lakes
  Indian-inhabited area to the south west
• British General Isaac Brock
• 1813- Americans began to look for successes on
  water after land invasions were hurled back

7
Oliver Hazard Perry

• Captured British fleet on the shores of Lake Erie
• We have met the enemy they are ours.
• Retreating redcoats were overtaken by General
  Harrisons army beaten at the Battle of the
  Thames Oct. 1813

8
Problems for America

• 1814 Americans were grimly defending their own
  soil against the invading British
• Napoleon was exiled from France to the island of
  Elba leaving America to fight alone

9
Battle of Plattsburgh 1814

• British prepared to attack NY
• Forced to bring supplies over Lake Champlain
• Challenged by Thomas Macdonough
• British were forced to retreat (BIG WIN)
• Saved upper NY from conquest

10
Washington Burned

• Aug. 1814 4000 British landed in Chesapeake Bay
  advanced to Washington
• Bladensburg Races 6000 panicky militia ran
• British entered burned capital
• set fire to most of the public buildings
  including the capitol the White House
• British moved on to Baltimore
• Beaten off by defenders of Fort McHenry
• Francis Scott Key The Star-Spangled Banner

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Battle of New Orleans 1815

• Andrew Jackson his hodgepodge forces defeat
  British fight behind bales of hay.
• Jackson becomes the hero of the west and a
  national celebrity.
• Most devastating defeat of the entire war
• Peace Treaty had been signed 2 weeks earlier
• Naive citizens believed British signed treaty
  because of battle

13
The Treaty of Ghent 1814

• Tsar Alexander I of Russia proposed mediation.
  Why is he getting in on this?
• 5 American peacemakers met in Ghent
• John Quincy Adams Henry Clay
• British demands
• Neutralized Indian buffer state in Great Lakes
  region
• Control of Great Lakes
• Substantial part of Maine

14
Treaty of Ghent

• 12-24-1814 basically an armistice
• Agreement
• Both sides agreed to stop fighting
• Restore conquered territory
• American Grievances were not addressed
• Indian menace, search seizure, Orders of
  Council, impressment, confiscations
• Clear that America had not managed to defeat the
  British virtual draw

15
Hartford Convention 1814

• States involved
• MA, CT, RI, NH, VT -- 26 delegates total
• Met in complete secrecy for 3 weeks
• Purpose to discuss grievances seek redress
  for wrongs

• Final Report
• Financial assistance from Washington to
  compensate for lost trade
• Constitutional amendments requiring 2/3 vote in
  Congress for embargo, new states admitted, or war
  declared except in case of invasion
• Arrived in Washington after Ghent
• Death of Federalist Party

16
Results of War of 1812

• War heroes emerged Jackson Harrison
• Manufacturing prospered industries less
  dependent on Europe
• Canadian patriotism nationalism
• Rush-Bagot agreement limited naval armament on
  lakes

• 6000 Americans killed or wounded
• Republic had shown that it would resist what it
  regarded as grievous wrongs
• Nations developed a new respect for America
• Federalist Party died

17
Nationalism

• Nationalism increased after the War of 1812
• Washington Irving James Fenimore Cooper
• Nations 1st writers to use American scenes
  themes
• North American Review 1815

18
Nationalistic Spirit

• 1816 Congress revived Bank of the US
• National capital began to rise from the ashes of
  Washington
• Army was expanded to 10,000 men
• 1815 Naval victory in North Africa
• Stephen Decatur naval hero of War of 1812 of
  the Barbary coast expeditions

19
Tariff of 1816

• Factories had mushroomed
• British began to dump their bulging ware-houses
  on the US
• Cutting their prices below cost to hurt American
  war-baby factories
• Nationalist Congress responds
• 1st protective tariff in American history
• Instituted primarily for protection, not revenue
• Started a trend for more protective tariffs

20
American System

• Henry Clays plan for developing a profitable
  home market
• 3 main parts
• Strong banking system provide easy abundant
  credit
• Protective tariff eastern manufacturing would
  flourish
• Network of roads canals knit country together
  economically politically

21
Internal Improvements

• 1817 Congress voted to distribute 1.5 million to
  states for internal improvements
• Vetoed by measure as unconstitutional
• States were forced to move ahead with their own
  programs
• Erie Canal New York/ 1825
• New England strongly opposed federally
  constructed roads canals
• Would drain away population create competing
  states beyond the mountains

22
Era of Good Feelings

• James Monroe became president in 1817
• Part of the Virginia dynasty
• Period of one-party rule
• Monroe
• 1817 inspection of military defenses
• Boston newspaper coined the
  term Era of Good Feelings
• Somewhat misleading

23
Problems during the Era of Good Feelings

• Tariff
• Bank
• Internal improvements

• Sale of public lands
• Sectionalism
• Conflict over slavery

24
Panic of 1819

• Paralyzing economic panic
• Results
• deflation, depression, bankruptcies, bank
  failures, unemployment, soup kitchens,
  overcrowded pesthouses
• West was especially hit hard
• Foreclosures were common bank became the
  financial devil
• Imprisonment of debtors

25
Growing Pains of the West9 frontier states
joined the union

• Vermont - 1791
• Kentucky - 1792
• Tennessee 1796
• Ohio 1803
• Louisiana - 1812

• Indiana 1816
• Mississippi 1817
• Illinois 1818
• Alabama - 1819

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Westward Expansion

• Cheap land
• European immigrants
• Land exhaustion in tobacco states
• Speculators accepted small down payments making
  it easier to buy new holdings
• Economic distress during embargo years
• Defeat of Indian resistance opened virgin land
• Building of highways improved land routes
• Cumberland Road 1811 ran westward from
  Maryland to Illinois
• Steamboat 1811

28
Land Act of 1820

• West demanded
• Cheap acreage
• Land Act of 1820 - Authorized a buyer to
  purchase 80 virgin acres at a minimum of 1.25 an
  acre in cash
• Cheap transportation
• Cheap money fought the powerful Bank of US to
  attain its goal (Read p. 246 247)

29
Slavery Sectional Balance

• 1819 Missouri applies for statehood
• Tallmadge amendment passed
• No new slaves gradual emancipation of children
  born to slave parents in Missouri
• Viewed as a threat to sectional balance by South
• Defeated in Congress
• Sectional Problems
• 1788 South North equal in population wealth
• 1819 North was becoming more populated
  wealthier

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Issue of Balance

• 11 slave states 11 free states map p. 247
• Missouri 1st state from Louisiana Territory
• Would set a precedent for the rest of the area
• Issue was political economic balance

32
Missouri Compromise

• 1820 Henry Clay played major role in compromise
• Missouri Compromise
• Missouri slave state
• Maine free state
• Slavery was prohibited in the remainder of the
  Louisiana Purchase north of the line of 3630
  (the southern boundary of Missouri)

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Satisfied?

• Both North South yielded something, both gained
  something
• Missouri Compromise
• lasted 30 years
• Preserved the shaky compact of the states
• Ducked the question of slavery it did not
  resolve it

35
James Monroe

• Reelected in 1820 received every electoral vote
  except one
• Only president in American history to be
  reelected after a term in which a major financial
  panic began

36
John Marshall

• Shaped the Constitution in the direction of a
  more potent central government at the expense of
  states rights
• McCullouch v. Maryland (1819)
• Denied the right of Maryland to tax Bank of the
  US
• Cohens v. Virginia (1821)
• Right of the Supreme Court to review
  the decisions of the state supreme
  courts in all questions involving
  powers of the federal govt

37
Marshall conti.

• Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)
• Constitution conferred on Congress alone the
  control of interstate commerce
• Fletcher v. Peck (1810)
• Legislative land grant was a contract the
  Constitution forbids state laws impairing
  contracts
• Protected property rights
• Dartmouth College v. Woodward (1819)
• Safe guarded business enterprise from domination
  by the states governments
• Daniel Webster

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Treaty of 1818

• Treaty with Britain
• Permitted America to share the coveted
  Newfoundland fisheries with Canada
• Fixed northern limits of Louisiana - 49th
  parallel from the Lake of the Woods (Minnesota)
  to the Rocky Mountains (p. 250)
• 10 year joint occupation of Oregon country no
  surrender of rights or claims

39
Florida

• General Andrew Jackson 1817
• Sent to Florida to punish outlaws
• Hanged 2 Indians, executed 2 British subjects,
  seized two Spanish posts St. Marks Pensacola
• Florida Purchase Treaty of 1819 (Adams Onis
  Treaty)
• Spain ceded Florida as well as claims to Oregon
• America abandon claims to Texas

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Monroe Doctrine

• Concern over Russian expansion in Alaska, Oregon,
  and even California
• Monroe Doctrine 1823 proposed by Sec Adams
• Era of colonization in America had ended
• No more European intervention in the affairs of
  the Western Hemisphere
• Expressed an increasing American sense of
  isolationism from world affairs nationalism
• No contemporary significance because
  the US could not enforce it
• Self Defense Doctrine

41
Russo-American Treaty of 1824

• Fixed the southern most limits at the line of
  5440 the present southern tip of the Alaska
  panhandle
• Settled before the Monroe Doctrine was issued