Memory

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Memory

• The persistence of learning over time through the
  storage and retrieval of information.

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Encoding

• The processing of information into the memory
  system.

Typing info into a computer
Getting a girls name at a party
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Storage

• The retention of encoded material over time.

Trying to remember her name when you leave the
party.
Pressing Ctrl S and saving the info.
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Retrieval

• The process of getting the information out of
  memory storage.

Seeing her the next day and calling her the wrong
name (retrieval failure).
Finding your document and opening it up.
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Three Box Model of Memory
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Sensory Memory

• A split second holding tank for ALL sensory
  information.
• Sperlings research on Iconic Memory
• Echoic Memory

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Process of Encoding 2 Types
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Types of Encoding

• Automatic Processing
• unconscious encoding of incidental information
• space
• time
• frequency
• well-learned information
• word meanings
• we can learn automatic processing
• reading backwards

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Effortful Processing

• Effortful Processing type of encoding that
  requires attention and conscious effort.
• Ex Learning new vocabulary terms, memorizing
  historical events/chronology, etc.
• Encoding can be aided by maintenance rehearsal
  simple rote repetition of information in
  consciousness or even more successfully by
  elaborate rehearsal processing of information
  for meaning which can more easily help produce
  long term memories.

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Short Term Memory

• The stuff we encode from the sensory goes to STM.
• Events are encoded visually, acoustically or
  semantically.
• Holds about 7 (plus or minus 2) items for about
  20 seconds.
• We recall digits better than letters.

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King of Memory Experiments is Hermann Ebbinghaus

1. Practice makes perfect! The more REHEARSAL done
   on day 1, the less needed on day 2.
2. The spacing effect! Studying over a long period
   of time produces a better retention rate. DONT
   CRAM!

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• Ebbinghauss Forgetting Curve

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Serial Positioning Effect

• Our tendency to recall best the last and first
  items in a list.

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The Ways we can encode

• Visual Encoding the encoding of picture images.
• Acoustic Encoding the encoding of sound,
  especially the sounds of words.
• Semantic Encoding the encoding of meaning.

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Ways to remember things in STMso they go to LTM

• Mnemonic devices
• ROY G BIV
• Every Good Boy Does Fine Always
• Fifty Nifty United States
• Rehearsal

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group like things together
CHUNKING
How do you remember a phone ?

• 9528295379

You CHUNK it! 952- 829- 5379
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Long Term Memory

• Unlimited storehouse of information.
• Explicit (declarative) memories
• Implicit (non-declarative) memories

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How does our brain store long-term memories?

• Memories do NOT reside in single specific spots
  of our brain.

• They are not electrical (if the electrical
  activity were to shut down in your brain, then
  restart- you would NOT start with a blank slate).

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Long-Term Potentiation (LTP)

• The current theory of how our long-term memory
  works.

• Memory has a neural basis.

• LTP is an increase in a synapses firing
  potential after brief, rapid stimulation.

In other words, if you are trying to remember a
phone number, the neurons are firing
neurotransmitter through the synapse. The neuron
gets used to firing in that pattern and
essentially learns to fire in that distinct way.
It is a form of rehearsal (but for our neurons).
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Explicit Memories

• Episodic Memories specific life memories
• Semantic Memories general knowledge

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Memory Formation

• Memories formed easily in stressful and emotional
  situations
• Brain uses more glucose (increases brain
  activity) and emotion/stress hormones
  (epinephrine adrenaline)

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Flashbulb Memory

• A clear moment of an emotionally significant
  moment or event.

Where were you when? 1. You heard about 9/11 2.
You heard about the death of a family member 3.
When Osama Bin Laden was killed
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Implicit Memories

• Procedural Memories (skill memories) how you do
  things remembered without conscious knowledge

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The Hippocampus

• Damage to the hippocampus disrupts our memory.
• Left Verbal
• Right Visual and Locations
• The hippocampus is the like the librarian for the
  library which is our brain.

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Cerebellums Role in Implicit Memory

• Cerebellum helps facilitate associate learning
  responses ie classical conditioning.
• Cutting pathway to the cerebellum makes rabbits
  unable to learn conditioned responses.

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Prospective and Retrogressive Memory (NOT IN YOUR
BOOK!)
Prospective Memory remembering to do something
in the future Ex. I need to remember to get my
wife an anniversary gift. Retrospective Memory
remembering you already did something in the
past Ex. I already got my wife an anniversary
gift
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A Diagram For Your Viewing Pleasure
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RetrievalRecall Versus Recognition

• Recall

• Recognition

• you must retrieve the information from your
  memory
• fill-in-the blank or essay tests

• you must identify the target from possible
  targets
• multiple-choice tests

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Retrieval Cues

• Priming activation, often unconsciously, of
  particular associations of memory.

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The Context Matters!!!

• Flashbulb Memories
• Mood Congruent Memory
• State Dependent Memory