PROPAGANDA

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PROPAGANDA
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Definitions of Propaganda

• From Latin propagatio
• to grow, to spread, to multiply.
• Origins 1622 the Roman Catholic Church
  Congregatio de Propaganda Fide (Congregation for
  Propagating the Faith)
• Continues today (renamed 1982) as Congregation
  for the Evangelization of Peoples

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The most powerful element Faith

• Propagandist believes in his/her position no
  matter what
• Thus propaganda is most often associated with
  dogmatic movements such as Nazism, Communism,
  Racialism, Fascism, ultra-conservatism,
  evangelical movements, etc
• The propagandist is not open to compromises

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Propagandists Axioms

• The Public Doesnt Know The Truth
• Propagandist Knows The Truth
• The Truth is Important
• Thus
• The Public Must be Enlightened
• The Public Must be Educated

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Different meaning to different people

• For some propaganda is disseminating,
  propagating, educating
• For others propaganda is distorting,
  manipulating, brainwashing

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From Rational Persuasion to Propaganda

SCIENCE ?---------------------------------? DOGMA

RATIONAL PERSUASION ?-------------? PROPAGANDA RATIONAL PERSUASION ?-------------? PROPAGANDA RATIONAL PERSUASION ?-------------? PROPAGANDA

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Not all must be extreme and sinister

• Anti-smoking campaigns uncompromising but
  mostly accurate
• Drink More Water campaign exaggerated but with
  good intentions
• Public Diplomacy usually moderate, fairly
  accurate, reasonable

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Public DiplomacyFacilitative communication

• To explain and promote U.S. domestic and foreign
  policy, cultural life, artistic and scientific
  accomplishments, American way of life, etc.
• Through broadcast, print publications, organizing
  cultural events, subsidizing U.S. artists abroad,
  etc.
• The United States Information Agency (USIA)
• USIA maintains 190 posts in 142 countries

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Successful public diplomacy

• Voice of America popularizing jazz music abroad
  (since the 1950s)
• Sponsoring opinion journals
• Teaching English language
• Subsidizing Scientific Conferences and Research
• Fulbright Program for scholars
• Even promoting counterculture

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BROADCASTING

• Voice of America 660 hours of programming weekly
  in 53 languages
• Radio and TV Martí (in Spanish to Cuba),
• WORLDNET Television,
• Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty
• Radio Free Asia.

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Or, maybe propaganda is

• any statement from a source we dont like
• (Joseph Schumpeter, 1966)

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Or, maybe

• We cannot define it but we know
• when we see it.
• When in 1964 Supreme Court Justice Potter Stewart
  tried to define what is obscenity, he said, "I
  shall not today attempt further to define the
  kinds of material I understand to be embraced,
  but I know it when I see it . . .

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Kellners definition.

• Propaganda is
• a mode of discourse
• intended to persuade, to manipulate, and to
  indoctrinate its audience
• into accepting policies
• that they might not otherwise support.

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Kellners definition.

• Propaganda is a discourse that legitimates
  certain interests and polices while providing a
  one-sided, simplified, and distorted, but not
  necessarily totally untrue, view of events or
  people.

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A lot depends on our own point of view

• Persons ideology, religion, worldview, culture

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Socialization as propaganda

• Socialization is a lifelong process of inheriting
  and disseminating norms, customs and ideologies
  assuring social and cultural continuity
• EDUCATION / SCHOOLING
• PROPAGANDA?

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The war over textbooks Texas case

• What happens in Texas doesnt stay in Texas when
  it comes to textbooks,
• As a market, the state is so big and influential
  that national publishers tended to gear their
  books toward whatever it wanted.
• For example back in 1994, the board requested
  four hundred revisions in five health textbooks

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The war over textbooks Texas case

• Ever since the 1960s, the selection of
  schoolbooks in Texas has been a target for
• the religious right which worried that
  schoolchildren were being indoctrinated in
  godless secularism
• political conservatives who felt that their kids
  were being given way too much propaganda about
  the positive aspects of the federal government.

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Government has responsibility to reduce income
differences
UK US NL NZ CAN
Defini-tely yes 43 18 39 35 28
Proba-bly yes 38 28 40 30 33
Proba-bly not 10 25 13 15 20
Defini-tely no 7 27 6 18 17
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Sexual relations before marriage
UK US NL DK CAN
Always wrong 11 30 7 6 12
Almost always wrong 7 11 3 3 7
Some-times 14 20 20 9 15
Not wrong at all 66 38 70 83 65
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Religion brings more conflict than peace
UK US NL DK CAN
Agree 78 35 70 86 63
Neither 12 21 16 7 17
Disagree 9 43 14 6 20
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There is hell
UK US NL DK JAP
YES 13 55 13 8 6
Maybe
NO 34 12 48 60 21

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Believe in God
UK US NL DK JAP
NO 41 18 48 55 55
Some-times 14 5 8 11 32
YES with doubts 23 15 18 20 9
YES without a doubt 26 63 26 14 4
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Are in favor of the death penalty for a person
convicted of murder?
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Gay Marriage

•  YEAR Favor Oppose Unsure
• 2004 30 58 12
• 2006 39 51 10
• 2008 38 49 13
• 2010 42 48 10
• 2012 47 43 10
• 2013 53 39 8

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Europe vs. U.S. on death penalty

• 1997 75 of Americans supported death penalty
• 2011 61 of Americans support death penalty.
• 2008 about 30 of Europeans support death
  penalty

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Types of Methods / Techniques

• Source Credibility
• Reward and Punishment
• Fear, Intimidation
• Arousal of Emotions
• Visual Symbols
• Language
• Music

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Legitimizing information through legitimate
sources

• Publicizing
• Propagandist The Public
• Planting Receiving
• Legitimate
• source

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Manipulation

• V.I.Lenin 5/5/1920
• The original picture (right) with Trotsky

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Manipulation

• O.J. Simpson 1994

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Weapons of intimidation

• For example
• Aztecs terror of religious blood sacrifice and
  cannibalism (some orgies lasted days and killed
  thousands victims)
• They sharply lowered Aztecs enemies will to
  resist
• Hernando Cortes use of horses against Aztecs.

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Weapons of intimidation

• Terror of rape when the Red Army entered German
  territory in 1945 (officially prohibited)
• Terror of rape in Bosnia-Herzegovina in the early
  1990s

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Weapons of intimidation

• Portsmouth Peace Treat 1905 between Russia and
  Japan
• Organized by Roosevelt in Portsmouth to show the
  might of the U.S. Navy

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Language Used

• Propaganda uses language that tends to deify a
  cause and satanize opponents. Exaggeration is
  often associated with propaganda. Likewise,
  innuendo

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The Use of Language

• The way an object is described directs our
  thoughts and channel our cognitive responses
  (positive or negative)
• Example of Name Calling The condemning of an
  idea on its face by giving it a bad label
  regardless of the evidence.
•  

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The use of myth

• A story or event that illuminates the key values
  of some society or association the original
  events can be real, but they serve unreal
  imaginary beliefs (e.g., that of national
  superiority)

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National glory and national suffering

• Suffering of American Colonists in the late
  1700s.
• Glorious victory against the British
• September 11, 2001
• D-Day, Pearl Harbor, Remember Alamo!

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Reshaping myths / images

• Japan from militaristic aggressor in the 1930s
  and 1940s to a victim of the atomic bomb
• East Germany from former center of Nazism to an
  anti-fascist peace loving

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Prejudice / Hate

• The cult of hatred and xenophobia is the cheapest
  and surest method to persuade masses.

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The use of myth national stereotypes

• Backward Poor, Lazy, Ignorant, Indolent,
  Submissive, Inefficient (but Proud, Polite,
  Traditional, Easygoing)
• Advanced Enterprising, Ambitious, Industrious,
  Intelligent, Progressive, Efficient, Successful
  (but Ruthless, Aggressive, Money-hungry, Cunning)

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The Use of Language

• voodoo-economics Bush Sr.
• Death tax (inheritance tax)
• Boston Massacre March 5, 1770
• Red Menace and the Jewish Problem
• A kindlier, gentler America (Bush Sr.)
• Honorable peace (Nixon)
• The Man from Hope (Clinton)

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The Use of Language

• The War or the Defense Department
• Collateral damage
• The war against drugs, terrorism
• The war on poverty
• Big business, Big oil, Tax on the Rich
• 75 lean or 25 fat?
• New and Improved

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Asymmetrical definition

• The deliberate use of audience-familiar words
  that evoke shared meanings but are not shared by
  the source of the message for the purpose of
  deception.
• Peace used by the Nazis. Hitler always
  portrayed himself as peace-loving
• Democracy used by the communists.

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Hitlers speech 1941

• What offers did I make them! How I begged them to
  be reasonable! I begged them to see reason. My
  speeches were all governed by the one idea it
  must be possible to find a method for a peaceful
  solution. What we are doing is making a
  sacrifice in the interest of peace. We make this
  sacrifice, but we, at least, want to have peace
  in exchange for it.

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Hitlers speech 1941

• I held out my hand, again and again. We have not
  asked them for anything, not demanded anything,
  again and again I offered my hand for
  negotiations. It was in vain. I held out my hand
  to England. I was received with derision. They
  practically spat at me. They were indignant.

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Hitlers speech 1941

• We are involved in a war which we did not want.
  Otherwise one could not stretch out one's hand to
  the other side. However, if those financial
  hyenas want war, if they want to exterminate
  Germany, they will get the surprise of their
  lives.

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Hitlers speech 1941

• The year which lies behind us has been a year of
  great successes, but also, it is true, one of
  many sacrifices. Our whole sympathy, our love and
  care belongs to those who had to make these
  sacrifices. That the Lord should not abandon us
  in this struggle of the coming yearLet that be
  our prayer.

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Music as Propaganda

• Music combines sound and language and is repeated
  until it becomes familiar.
• It touches the emotions easily, suggestions
  associations and past experiences, invites us to
  sing along and embraces ideology in the lyrics.

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Power of Sound and Music

• National Anthems
• Patriotic Songs
• Religious
• Sales
• Military
• Police

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National anthems Casablanca - French National
Anthemhttp//www.youtube.com/watch?vHM-E2H1ChJM

• Arise children of the fatherland The day of
  glory has arrived Against us tyranny's Bloody
  standard is raisedCan you hear in the fields
  The howling of these fearsome soldiers? They
  are coming into our midst To cut the throats of
  your sons and consorts!
• To arms, citizens, Form in battalions, March,
  march! Let impure blood Water our furrows!

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National anthems Japan

• May your Imperial reignContinue for a thousand
  years,And last for eight thousand
  generations,Until pebblesTurn into
  bouldersCovered in moss.

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European Union Ode to Joy (Beethovens 9th)

• Joy, your magic reunites
• What custom strictly parts
• All people become brothers,
• Where your gentle wing alights.
• Be embraced, you millions!
• All creatures drink joy
• Ode to Joy / Street Mob

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Visual Symbols

• Symbols of power, nationalism, patriotism, unity,
  etc.
• For example
• flags, monuments, historical figures, battle
  scenes,
• the use of colors

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Posters

• Chairman Mao is the Red Sun in Our Heart (China
  1969)

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Visual Symbols

• The 1968 Olympics Black Power salute Tommie Smith
  and John Carlos (200m runners)

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Buildings

• Acropolis

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Hitlers Chancellery
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