Ancient Rome

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Ancient Rome

• Early Western Civilization
• Chapter Three

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Etruscan Civilization
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The Etruscans

• The Etruscans were a group of people who were
  from northern Italy.
• Italy had been ruled by 7 kings and it is thought
  that the last 3 were Etruscans.
• The Etruscans greatly influenced the city of
  Rome. They built temples, shops, roads, and
  homes and influenced other aspects of Roman
  culture as well.

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Etruscan Tomb Painting
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The Apian Way
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The Founding of Rome

• The city of Rome was founded by twin brothers
  Romulus and Remus in 753 B.C.E.
• According to legend they were from a wealthy
  family and were abandoned by their uncle.
• A She-wolf took them in and raised them.
• Romulus killed his brother Remus and took control
  as leader of Rome.

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The She-Wolf
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Ancient Rome
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Social and Political Order
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Social and Political Order
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Social and Political Order

• Although both groups were Roman citizens, their
  rights were different.
• Both Patricians and Plebians could vote.
• Both had the right to make legal contracts, and
  marry, but intermarriage between the classes was
  not allowed.
• Patricians were the only ones allowed to hold
  office.

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Social and Political Order

• In the later years of the Republic the Plebians
  became more powerful.
• They created a new assembly (Council of Plebs) in
  471. New leaders called Tribunes protected the
  Plebians. A new law allowed intermarriage.
• In 278 B.C.E. the Council received the right to
  pass laws for all Romans.

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City of Rome During the Republic Period
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The Roman Conquest of Italy

• In 509 the last Etruscan monarch was overthrown
  as ruler of Rome and a Republican system of
  government was initiated.

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Carthage
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The Punic Wars

• Punic is the Latin word for Phoencian. The
  Phoencians controlled Carthage in earlier times.
• The Romans sent an army to Sicily in order to
  intervene in a local dispute. The Carthaginians
  considered this an invasion of their territory.

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The Punic Wars

• 241 Carthage gave up all rights to Sicily due to
  Roman dominance in naval strength.
• Hanibal (a Carthaginian) began the second Punic
  War when he retaliated against Roman attempts to
  get Spain to invade Carthage.
• Hanibal led an army of 30,000- 40,000 men, 6,000
  horses and elephants across the Alps and defeated
  the Romans.

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The Punic Wars

• The Carthaginians, under Hannibal were not
  successful in maintaining control over Roman
  cities.
• Rome invade Carthage and beat Hannibal and his
  men. A peace treaty was signed in 201 B.C.E.
  Carthage lost Spain.
• 50 years later Rome went to war again and this
  time Rome destroyed the Carthage in 146 B.C.E.
  and claimed it as a Roman province called Africa.

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Roman Conquests in the Mediterranean
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From Republic to Empire

• Tiberius Gracchus represented interests of Romes
  lower class. He served as Tribune.
• He wanted to limit the amount of land controlled
  by the Patricians.
• He was assassinated in 132 B.C.E.
• His brother Gaius Gracchus continued his
  brothers reforms.

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Gaius Marius

• General in the Roman army. He was prominent in
  the late 2nd century B.C.E.
• Civil War breaks out in Rome and Marius seizes
  Rome in 87 B.C.E. He recruited a private army to
  support him from landless residents.

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Sulla

• After Marius dies in 87 B.C.E., Sulla seized
  control of Rome. He institutes a reign of terror
  that lasts about five years.
• Julius Caesar, Marius nephew, came to power and
  instituted liberal policies and social reform.

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Julius Caesar Conquers Gaul
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Roman Fort
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Roman Britain
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City of Bath- England
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Roman North Africa- Lepcis Magna
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Hadrians Wall
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Roman Empire 117 A.D.
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Octavian a.k.a. Augustus Caesar

• Octavian became the first Roman Emperor in 27
  B.C.E.
• The Senate gave him the title of Augustus which
  meant revered one.

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Julius Caesar

• In 47 B.C.E. he seized power in Rome and was made
  dictator. A short time later, in 44 B.C.E. he
  was given the title dictator for life.
• He made land reforms and gave land to the poor.
• He increased the Senate to 900 members and then
  packed it with supporters of his reforms.

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Julius Caesar

• He gave people in the provinces who had helped
  him, the status of Roman citizen.
• He began a number of public works projects and
  military campaigns in the east.
• He was assassinated by a group of senators in 44
  B.C.E.

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Augustus (31 B.C.E.-14 C.E.)

• He created a standing army of 150,000 men split
  into legions of around 5,000 men each.
• Only Roman citizens could be legionaries.
  Subject peoples in the provinces and else where
  could serve under the legionaries.
• Augustus also created the Praetorian guard which
  were his own personal guards. They numbered
  about 9,000 men.

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The Pax Romana

• This is a period of peace and prosperity which
  begins with Augustus and continues for 200 years.
• Augustus begins the Julio-Claudian line which
  ends with Nero.
• After Nero there is a civil war and Vespasian
  becomes emperor.

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Family Life in the Roman Empire

• The family included all household members who
  lived together.
• Father of the family ruled the household
• Women had considerable power in their own
  families and many ran businesses and managed
  estates.
• Ancestor worship was extremely important to the
  family.

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Roman Family Life
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Urban Life- Insula (everyday home)
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Slavery

• Slaves made up 1/3 of the Roman population.
• Working conditions for slaves in the cities were
  somewhat better.
• Laborers would often be chained together while
  working in the fields.
• Spartacus uprising in 73 B.C.E. was the largest
  slave revolt, but not the only one.

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The Colosseum
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Temple of Jupiter (Lebanon)
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Pompeii Ruins
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Villa of the Mysteries- Pompeii
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Pompeii

• Etruscan town that was conquered by Rome.
• At the time of its destruction it had a
  population of 20,000
• A favorite resort of wealthy Romans and Emperors.

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Pompeii
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Bath House
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Basillica of Maxentius
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The Pantheon 128 A.D.

• Commissioned by Emperor Hadrin
• Started in 118 A.D.
• It is a clock of sorts. It tells the time by
  rays of light hitting the sculptures inside.

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Questions

1. What is the story of how Rome started?
2. Describe the political and social order in early
   ancient Rome.
3. What happened in the Punic Wars?
4. Why was Julius Caesar so important?
5. Describe Roman Family Life.