Opus Novum Review Grammar

1
Opus Novum Review Grammar

• Case
• Syntactic structures (clauses, absolutes)
• Participles
• The infinitive
• Number
• Finite verbs
• Declensions

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Case

• Case shows what job a noun, adjective or
  participle is doing in a sentence. These jobs can
  be subject, direct object, object of preposition,
  to name a few.
• Case is expressed by the endings of words, which
  change according to those jobs. Equus and equos
  have distinct jobs in a sentence, just like I and
  me do in English.
• There are five major cases and two secondary
  cases

3
Syntactic structures

• Purpose clauses
• Relative clauses
• Complementary infinitives
• Indirect statement
• Ablative absolutes

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The present infinitive

• The active form is simply the 2nd principle part
  of the verb mutare, docere, mittere, audire,
  ferre. Its translation comes from its use in the
  particular sentence.
• The passive form take the active form and changes
  the final e to i, with the exception of 3rd
  conjugation where the whole ere is dropped
  before adding the -i
• mutari, doceri, mitti, audiri, ferri.

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The infinitive

• The infinitive serves as a secondary verbWhile
  we can think of its basic meaning as to___, it
  gets its actual meaning and use only in relation
  to the finite verb of the sentence. It should
  never be considered The Verb of a sentence or
  clause.
• There are a number of infinitive forms
• Present active and passive
• Perfect active and passive
• Future active and (rarely) passive

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The perfect infinitive

• The active form of the perfect infinitive is the
  third principle part of the verb with the ending
  sse
• occupavisse, misisse, tulisse.
• The passive form is the fourth principle part
  (generally with an accusative ending agreeing
  with the leading accusative noun) accompanied by
  the word esse
• occupatum esse, latas esse

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Infinitive usage

• The infinitive can be used
• -- in indirect statement, where it follows a
  mind or head verb and a direct
  object/accusative.
• --as a complementary infinite following those
  verbs (studeo, propero, dubito) which need to be
  completed before they can be understood.

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Complementary Infinitive

• The complementary infinitive is an infinitive
  related to a verb which needs to be completed
  before its full meaning can be understood. Such
  verbs include studeo, propero, dubito, possum.
  (list of most common complementary infinitives)
• Exemplum
• Mars non poterat milites gloriosos docere.
• Mars was not able to teach the boastful soldiers

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Common Complementary infinitives

• coepi, coeptus (defective verb-only 3rd and 4th
  principle parts) he/she/it began to
• constituo, constituere 3, constitui,
  constitutus
• to decide
• debeo, debere 2, debui, debitus to ought to
• dubito, dubitare 1, dubitavi, dubitatus to
  hesitate or doubt
• mereo, merere 2, merui, meritus to deserve
• possum, posse, potui, --- to be able (can)
• propero, properare 1, properavi, properatus
• to hurry or hasten
• studeo, studere 2, studui to be eager, to be
  desirous
• timeo, timere 2, timui to fear, to be afraid to

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Purpose clause

• A purpose clause is a subordinate clause that
  expresses why someone does something.
• In Latin, a purpose clause is introduced by and
  ut (so that) or ne (so that . . .not) and uses a
  verb the subjunctive mood.
• Exempla
• Cornelia gladium invenit ut comas removeret.
• Cornelia took a sword so that she could remove
  (her) hair.
• Faber pilam rapuit ne filia eam super murum
  iaceret.
• The craftsman grabbed the ball so that the
  daughter would not throw it over the wall again.

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Indirect statement

• Indirect statement is a reported or conveyed
  statement.
• Statement the dog was barking.
• Indirect statement The boys knew that the dog
  was barking
• Indirect statement has three components.
• A mind/head verb
• A d.o./accusative
• An infinitive
• exempla

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Indirect statement

• An indirect statement is simple statement that is
  being reported or commented on in some way.
• In Latin indirect statement is expressed by using
  a head/mind verb along with a direct object and
  an infinitive. That d.o. can be considered the
  lead noun of the infinitive and will be
  translated as if it were a subject.
• Indirect Statement Exempla

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Mind or Head Verbs

• Mind/heads verbs are verbs which express obvious
  mental processes videre, audire, dicere,
  sentire,etc. They are often used to introduce
  indirect statement. (list of common mind/head
  verbs)

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Common Head/Mind Verbs

• Audio 4 to hear
• Respondeo, respondere 2, respondi, responsus
• to answer, reply
• Scio 4 to know
• Video, videre 2, vidi, visus to see
• Cognosco, cognoscere 3, cognovi, cognitus
• to get to know, realize, become aware of
• Sentio, sentire 4, sensi, sensus to feel
• Credo, credere 3, credidi, creditus to believe
• Spero 1 to hope
• Clamo 1 to shout
• Nego 1 to deny, refuse

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Indirect statement exempla

• Discipula equos currere ex agro viderat.
• The student had seen that the horses were running
  from the field.
• Dux piratam ad urbem fugere clamabat.
• The leader was shouting that the pirate was
  fleeing toward the city
• Dominus milites villam et hortos et nummos non
  bene (well) custodivisse cognovit.
• The master knew that the soldiers had not guarded
  the farm and the garden and the coins well

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Indirect Statement Exempla

• Domina filias dormire vidit.
• The mistress saw that the daughters were
  sleeping.
• Musca ranam accedere sensit.
• The fly felt that the frog was approaching.
• Clamabat magister pueros mensas in hortum
  trahere.
• The teacher was shouting that they boys were
  dragging the tables into the garden

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Relative Clause

• A relative clause is a complete sentence found
  inside another sentence which describes one of
  the nouns in that second sentence.
• The relative clause begins with a relative
  pronoun which shows the same number (singular or
  plural) and gender (masculine or feminine) as the
  noun it is describing. The relative clause
  usually ends with a verb.
• Relative clause exempla
• Relative pronoun forms

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Relative pronouns

• masc. fem. neuter
• Singular
• Nominative qui quae quod
• Genitive cuius cuius cuius
• Dative cui cui cui
• Accusative quem quam quod
• Ablative quo qua quo
• Plural
• Nominative qui quae quae
• Genitive quorum quarum quorum
• Dative quibus quibus quibus
• Accusative quos quas quae
• Ablative quibus quibus quibus

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Relative clause exempla

• Nuntius quem regina mandavit non tacebat.
• The messenger whom the queen sent was not keeping
  quiet.
• Nuntius qui non tacebat clamavit et populum
  permovit.
• The messenger, who was not keeping quiet, shouted
  and moved the people deeply.
• Puella quam magister docebat equos amavit.
• The girl whom the teacher was teaching loved
  horses.

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Finite verbs

• Finite verbs are those verbs which take a
  nominative subject and can be considered the
  central element of a Latin sentence.
• Finite verbs can be either active or passive

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Finite verb tense

• Finite verbs all show tense, i.e., the time when
  something happens.
• They also show mood indicative or subjunctive.
  As a very general rule, indicative states facts,
  while subjunctive gives wishes, commands or
  hopesthat is a very gross simplification.

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Finite verb tense and meaningIndicative

• The indicative tenses in Latin (with meanings)
  are
• Present s/he __________s, s/he is _________ing,
  Does s/he___________?
• Imperfect she was _______ing, she used
  to________.
• Future she will _______, she is going
  to________.
• Perfect s/he________ed, s/he has ________ed,
  did s/he__________?
• Pluperfect s/he had__________ed.
• Future perfect s/he she will have
  _____________ed.

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Finite verb tense and meaningsubjunctive

• The subjunctive tenses in Latin are
• Present let him/her__________,
• he/she may_______________
• Imperfect s/he would, might _______________.
• Perfect s/he _____________ed
• Pluperfect s/he would have _____________ed
• In some contexts, the subjunctive is translated
  just like its indicative counterpart.

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Finite verbs endingsIndicative active

• 1st 2nd 3rd 4th
• Present -at -et -it -it
• Imperfect -abat -ebat -ebat -iebat
• Future -abit -ebit -et -iet
• Perfect add t to the 3rd principle part
• Pluperfect add erat to the 3rd principle part,
  after removing the -i
• Future perfect add erit to the 3rd principle
  part, after removing the -i
• paradigm

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Finite verbs formsIndicative passive

• 1st 2nd 3rd 4th
• Present -atur -etur -itur -itur
• Imperfect -abatur -ebatur -ebatur
  -iebatur
• Future -abitur -ebitur -etur -ietur
• Perfect add the word est to the 4th principle
  part
• Pluperfect add the word erat to the 4th
  principle part.
• Future perfect add the word erit to the 4th
  principle part.
• paradigm

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Conjugations

• Verb are sorted in 4 conjugations. The
  inifinitive shows the conjugation (-are, -ere,
  -ere, -ire). The conjugation dictates what vowels
  will be before the endings in the imperfect tense
  (tenebat, audiebat), as well as the present
  participle (necantem, ponentes).
• They are also important in forming the present
  (both indicative and subjunctive) and future
  tenses. These forms are not learned in the first
  semester.

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Present and Future tenses active

• 1st conjugation 2nd 3rd 4th
• Present indicative
• Portat docet mittit audit
• Present subjunctive
• Portet doceat mittat audiat
• Future indicative
• Portabit docebit mittet audiet
• 3rd io verbs (like facio, facere, feci, factus)
  straddle the 3rd and 4th conjugations.
• Usually they resemble the 4th conjugation (facit,
  faciat, faciet) but in the infinitive (facere)
  and imperative resemble the 3rd.
• Click here for passive

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Present and Future tenses passive

• 1st conjugation 2nd 3rd 4th
• Present indicative
• Portatur docetur mittitur auditur
• Present subjunctive
• Portetur doceatur mittatur audiatur
• Future indicative
• Portabitur docebitur mittetur audietur
• 3rd io verbs (like facio, facere, feci, factus)
  straddle the 3rd and 4th conjugations.
• Usually they resemble the 4th conjugation (facit,
  faciat, faciet) but in the infinitive (facere)
  and imperative resemble the 3rd.
• Click here for active

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Finite verbs formsIndicative active

• 1st 2nd 3rd 4th
• Present amat docet mittit audit
• Imperfect amabat docebat mittebat audiebat
• Future amabit docebit mittet audiet
• Perfect amavit docuit misit audivit
• Pluperfect amaverat docuerat miserat
  audiverat
• Future perf amaverit docuerit miserit
  audiverit
• Click here for passive

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Finite verbs formsIndicative passive

• 1st 2nd 3rd 4th
• Present amatur docetur mittitur auditur
• Imperfect amabatur docebatur mittebatur
  audiebatur
• Future amabitur docebitur mittetur
  audietur
• Perfect amatus est doctus est missus est
  auditus est
• Pluperfect amatus erat doctus erat missus erat
  auditus erat
• Future perf amatus erit doctus erit missus erit
  auditus erit
• Click here for active

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Finite verb endingsSubjunctive active

• 1st 2nd 3rd 4th
• Present -et -eat -at -iat
• Imperfect -aret -eret -eret -iret
• Perfect add erit to the 3rd principle part,
  after removing the -i
• Pluperfect add sset to the 3rd principle part
• paradigm

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Finite verbs formsSubjunctive active

• 1st 2nd 3rd 4th
• Present amet doceat mittat audiat
• Imperfect amaret doceret mitteret audiret
• Perfect amaverit docuerit miserit audiverit
• Pluperf amavisset docuisset misisset
  audivisset
• Click here for passive

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Finite verbs formsSubjunctive passive

• 1st 2nd 3rd 4th
• Present ametur doceatur mittatur audiatut
• Imperfect amaretur doceretur mitteretur
  audiretur
• Perfect amatus sit doctus sit missus sit
  auditus sit
• Pluperf amatus esset doctus esset missus esset
  auditus esset
• Click here for active

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Participles

• Participles are adjectives made from verbs.
• There are 4 different types of participles in
  Latin
• Present active with the endings -ns, -ntes
• Perfect passive made from the 4th principle part
• Future active showing ur-before the ending
• Future passive-showing nd-before the ending

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Present participle active endings

• The present participle uses third declension
  endings
• Singular Plural
• Nominative duce-ns duce-nt-es
• Genitive duce-nt-is duce-nt-ium
• Dative duce-nt-is duce-nt-ibus
• Accusative duce-nt-is duce-nt-es
• Ablative duce-nt-is duce-nt-ibus
• likewise ama-ns doce-ns, audie-ns

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Present participle usage

• The present participle, translated ____ing, can
  serve as an adjective for any noun
• Puer currens ancillas in horto dormientes vidit.
• Since is originates from verb it can even take a
  direct object
• Puer sportulas ferens ancillas mensam trahentes
  vidit.
• Present participle active forms

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Perfect Passive Participle

• The perfect participle passive, translated having
  been_____ed, can serve as an adjective for any
  noun
• Dux occupatus per forum cucurrerat.
• And sometimes there is another element between
  the participle and its noun.
• Puer in horto visus flores ex ancillis raptos
  ferebat.
• Perfect participle passive forms

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Perfect Passive Participle

• The perfect passive participle uses the same
  endings as 1st and 2nd declension nouns. The 1st
  declension endings are used if the noun described
  is feminine, the 2nd if masculine. (forms)

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Past participle passive forms

• Singular
• Nominative uxor amat-a hospes amat-us
• Genitive uxoris amat-ae hospitis amat-i
• Dative uxori amat-ae hospiti amat-o
• Accusative uxorem amat-am hospitem amat-um
• Ablative uxore amat-a hospite amat-o
• Plural
• Nominative uxores amat-ae hospites amat-i
• Genitive uxorum amat-arum hospitum amat-orum
• Dative uxoribus amat-is hospitibus amat-is
• Accusative uxores amat-as hospites amat-os
• Ablative uxoribus amat-is hospitibus amat-is

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Number

• Number is the term for whether something is
  singular or plural. All nouns, adjective and
  participles have to show number as well as case
  and gender.
• Verbs also have number but it is not treated in
  the first semester.

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7 cases

• There are five major cases in Latin
• nominative
• genitive
• dative
• accusative
• ablative
• and two secondary cases
• vocative
• locative

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CasesFive major

• Nominativeused for the subject or words
  describing the subject
• Genitive-used for possession and with some
  adjectives, verbs and prepositions
• Dative-used for the indirect object (to or for
  someone or something) and with some verbs
• Accusative-used mainly for the direct object and
  with some prepositions.
• Ablative-used with some prepositions a(b), e(x),
  de, pro, sine, in, sub, ablative absolutes, and
  when used alone, the ablative of means.

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The five major cases

• Nominativeused for the subject or words
  describing the subject
• Genitive-used for possession and with some
  adjectives, verbs and prepositions
• Dative-used for the indirect object (to or for
  someone or something) and with some verbs
• Accusative-used mainly for the direct object and
  with some prepositions.
• Ablative-used with some prepositions a(b), e(x),
  de, pro, sine, in, sub, ablative absolutes, and
  when used alone, the ablative of means.

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The two secondary cases

• Secondary cases
• The vocative-used when addressing someone
  directly. It uses the nominative forms except in
  the 2nd declension, where ius goes to i, and
  us goes to e.
• Exemplum Marcus Tullius becomes Marce Tulli.
• The locative-used to tell where something is
  located or takes place. It is used mainly for
  towns (Romae, Athenis) and the words domi (at
  home) and ruri (in the countryside).

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Cases- Two secondary

• The vocative-used when addressing someone
  directly. It uses the nominative forms except in
  the 2nd declension, where ius goes to i, and
  us goes to e
• Marcus Tullius when adressed is Marce Tulli
• The locative-used to tell where something is
  located or takes place. It is used mainly for
  towns (Romae, Athenis) and the words domi (at
  home) and ruri (in the countryside).

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Case endings

• Each word that uses case endings can show 10
  different endings depending on its job in the
  sentence. The are two endings for each case, one
  for the singular and one for the plural. The
  actual ending for each word will depend on the
  declension in which it is found.

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Case endings (1st page)

• The case of a word is shown in its ending.
• In the word puellam, the ending am shows that it
  is in the accusative case (and it is singular)
• In the word puellis, the ending -is shows that it
  is in either the dative or ablative case and that
  is it plural.
• Case endings (2nd page)

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Nominative case

• Nominative is used for the subject or words
  describing the subject. It is marked up S. The
  nominatives in the following sentences are
  underlined.
• Invenit puellam vacca.
• Taurus per urbem currebat
• Villam dux reliquerat.
• The endings for the nominative case can be found
• in the declensions pages

49
Accusative case

• Accusative is used mainly for the direct object
  and with some prepositions (ad, trans, in,
  contra, circum, per). The accusatives in the
  following sentences are underlined.
• Puella sportulas per villam ferebat.
• The girl was carrying the baskets though the
  villa.
• Hospitem ad arbores uxor miserat.
• The wife had sent the guest toward the trees
• Scelestus pecuniam in muros sepelivit.
• The crook buried the money in the walls.
• The endings for the accusative case can be found
• in the declensions pages

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Ablative Case

• Ablative is used with some prepositions a(b),
  e(x), de, pro, sine, in, sub, ablative
  absolutes, and the ablative of means. The
  ablatives in the following sentences are
  underlined.
• Puer ex arbore cecidit.
• The boy fell from the tree.
• Gladio clamoribusque magister milites terrebat.
• The teacher with a sword and shouts was
  terrifying the soldiers.
• Fenestra aperta, Maximus solem vidit.
• When the window had been opened, he huge man saw
  the sun.
• The endings for the ablative case can be found
• in the declensions pages

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Ablative of means

• When a non-human noun is used in the ablative
  case, without being related to a preposition or
  part of an ablative absolute, it is most likely
  an ablative of means. In the following sentences
  the ablative of means is underlined. N.B. We
  often translate the ablative of means as with
  in English.
• servus cibum carro traxerat.
• The slave had brought the food by means of a
  cart.
• crevit arbor aqua soleque.
• The tree has grown by water and sun.
• ubi pellebatur rupibus equus?
• Where was the horse being pelted with rocks

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Ablative absolute

• The ablative absolute is a phrase that gives
  background information for the rest of the
  sentence. The A. A. is two words in the ablative
  case, agreeing in number and gender as well. One
  word is usually a noun while the other is
  typically a participle. The translation will
  depend on the type of participle used.
• Exempla
• Perfect participle passive, a. form or b. meaning
• turbis occupatis after the crowds were
  attacked
• filio celato after the son was hidden
• urbe visa after the city was seen
• Present participle active, a. form or b. meaning
• asinis ferentibus while the donkeys were
  carrying
• ducibus relinquentibus while the leaders were
  leaving
• coquo parante while the cook was preparing

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Declensions

• Each noun is assigned to one of five declensions
• and only uses the case endings of that
  declension.
• The only way you know that a noun is in one
  declension (and not another) are the endings
  which it uses. If you know the nominative
  singular form and the accusative plural from, you
  can figure out all the other forms (with a few
  exceptions).

54
Declensions matter

• The word vacca (1st declension) will always be
  vaccam when it is a singular direct object and
  vaccas when a plural direct object.
• The word taurus (2nd declension) will always be
  taurum when it is a singular direct object and
  tauros when a plural direct object.
• The charts of the declension are found here
• 1st 2nd 2nd neuter 3rd 3rd neuter
• 4th 4th neuter 5th

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2nd declension neuter

• Singular Plural
• Nominative templ-um templ-a
• Genitive templ-i templ-orum
• Dative templ-o templ-is
• Accusative templ-um templ-a
• Ablative templ-o templ-is

56
The first declension

• Singular Plural
• Nominative vacc-a vacc-ae
• Genitive vacc-ae vacc-arum
• Dative vacc-ae vacc-is
• Accusative vacc-am vacc-as
• Ablative vacc-a vacc-is

57
2nd declension

• Singular Plural
• Nominative taur-us taur-i
• Genitive taur-i taur-orum
• Dative taur-o taur-is
• Accusative taur-um taur-os
• Ablative taur-o taur-is
• some nominative singulars end in r puer, ager,
  vir, magister, and (except in puer) that -e-
  before the final r disappears in the oblique
  cases agrum, magistrum

58
3rd declension (mas/fem)

• Singular Plural
• Nominative flos flor-es
• Genitive flor-is flor-um
• Dative flor-i flor-ibus
• Accusative flor-em flor-es
• Ablative flor-e floribus
• The nominative singular ending is undefined.
  There is no set form
• some words show -ium navium, urbium, in the
  genitive plural, and a smaller group show i in
  the ablative singular.

59
3rd declension neuter

• Singular Plural
• Nominative caput capit-a
• Genitive capit-is capit-um
• Dative capit-i capit-ibus
• Accusative caput capit-a
• Ablative capit-e capitibus
• Some words show ia in the nominative and
  accusative plural and ium in the genitive
  plural animalia, animalium

60
4th declension

• Singular Plural
• Nominative lac-us lac-us
• Genitive lac-us lac-uum
• Dative lac-ui lac-ibus
• Accusative lac-um lac-us
• Ablative lac-u lac-ibus

61
5th declension

• Singular Plural
• Nominative fid-es fid-es
• Genitive fid-ei fid-erum
• Dative fid-ei fid-ebus
• Accusative fid-em fid-es
• Ablative fid-e fid-ebus