Imperialism in Asia: China and Japan

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Imperialism in AsiaChina and Japan
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• The Japanese willow bent with the winds of
  western imperialism and survived the Chinese oak
  stood fast against the winds from the west and
  fell.

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Chinas Response to Pressure from the West
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Canton System

• Emperor Qianlong restricted foreign trade to the
  factory (warehouse) district of Canton. Trade was
  limited to a chartered group of 7 or 8 Chinese
  merchants, called the Cohong, who were granted a
  monopoly on foreign trade.

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Attempts at Diplomacy

• Canton System was odious to the British and other
  trading countries. WHY???
• The British sent three embassies to Peking in an
  effort to negotiate changes
• Charles Cathcart (1787)
• George Macartney (1792-3)
• Lord Amherst (1816)
• All attempts to achieve diplomatic contact were
  rejected. A fourth attempt was made by Lord
  Napier in 1834. He died without ever being
  permitted to deliver his credentials.

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Chests of Opium Brought Into China
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The Opium Wars 1839-1842

• Britain refused to stop their very profitable
  trade in opium with China.

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Treaty of Nanking Conditions of the Treaty of
Nanking I Lasting peace between the two
nations. II The ports of Canton, Amoy, Fuchau,
Ningpo, and Shangai to be opened to British trade
and residence, and trade conducted according to a
well-understood tariff. III It being obviously
necessary and desirable that British subjects
should have some port whereat they may careen and
refit their ships when required,î the island of
Hong Kong to be ceded to her Majesty. IV Six
millions of dollars to be paid as the value of
the opium which was delivered up as ransom for
the lives of H.N.M. Superintendent and subjects,î
in March, 1839. V Three millions of dollars to be
paid for the debts due to British
merchants. VI Twelve millions to be paid for the
expenses incurred in the expedition sent out to
obtain redress for the violent and unjust
proceedings of the Chinese high
authorities. VII The entire amount of 21,000,000
to be paid before December 31, 1845. VIII All
prisoners of war to be immediately released by
the Chinese. IX The Emperor to grant full and
entire amnesty to those of his subjects who had
aided the British. X A regular and fair tariff of
export and import custom and other dues to be
established at the open ports, and a transit duty
to be levied in addition which will give goods a
free conveyance to all places in
China. XI Official correspondence to be hereafter
conducted on terms of equality according to the
payments of money. XII Conditions for restoring
the places held by British troops to be according
to the payments of money. XIII Time of exchanging
ratifications and carrying the treaty into effect.
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Treaty of Nanjing An Unequal Treaty

• Chinese are humiliated and defeated
• British get the port of Hong Kong
• 5 Chinese ports opened to British trade
• Chinese must pay 21 million
• Opium trade continues
• Extraterritorial rights for foreign citizens
• Foreigners are exempt from legal jurisdiction of
  a country
• British were free from following the laws of
  China within their spheres of influence.
• Growing Chinese resentment against the foreign
  barbarians

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Taiping Rebellion 1850-1864

• CAUSES
• Hunger starvation among the Chinese because of
  Chinas inability to feed its growing population
• Increasing opium addiction
• Growing poverty
• Christian missionaries message of a Heavenly
  Kingdom of Peace inspires Hong Xiuquan to lead
  a 14 year rebellion against the corrupt Qing
  Dynasty

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Taiping Rebellion

• EFFECTS
• Combined Br., Fr, Qing forces crush the peasant
  rebellion and the Qing dynasty is restored to
  power
• Fertile farmland is destroyed by the hungry
  armies
• At least 20 million (some estimate 40 million)
  die.

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Self-strengthening Movement 1860s

• CAUSES
• Conservative Chinese clung to traditional ways
  and resist change starting at the top, but
  provincial leaders saw the need to reform and
  modernized education, diplomatic services and the
  military.
• Slogan, Learn the superior technology of the
  barbarian, in order to control him.

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Self-strengthening Movement

• EFFECTS
• Produced warships ammunitions
• Boosted Chinese morale
• Generally unsuccessful because of lack of
  government support.

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Sino-Japanese War, 1894
-Fought between Qing and Meiji Japan for control
of Korea. -Demonstrated the failure of the
self-strengthening movement. -Major power shift
in East Asia. -Qing were humiliated set in
motion chain of events that culminated in the
1911 Revolution that overthrew Qing.
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100 Days Reform

• A failed 104-day national cultural, political and
  educational reform movement in 1898.
• Undertaken by the young Guangxu Emperor and his
  supporters.
• Ended in a coup led by the conservative Empress
  Dowager Cixi.

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Open Door Policy 1899

• CAUSES
• China has a weak military, as well as economic
  and political problems.
• China is being divided up into more Western
  spheres of influence.
• U.S. fears that China would be divided into
  formal colonies and American traders would be
  shut out.

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Open Door Policy 1899

• EFFECTS
• This policy would protect American trading rights
  in China.
• Keep China free from colonization
• But China was still at the mercy of economic
  imperialism by foreign powers.

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1900 Boxer Rebellion

• CAUSES
• The young Emperors 100 Days of Reform fails
  when the Dowager Empress Cixi arrests him
  executes his leaders.
• The Chinese peoples long standing frustration
  with poor conditions the govt failure to
  reform increases.
• The Chinese are angered by the special
  privileges given to foreigners
• They resent Chinese Christians.

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Boxer Rebellion

• EFFECTS
• In spring , Society of Harmonious Fists aka
  Boxers surround the European section.
• In August they are defeated by 20,000
  multinational forces.
• Chinas humiliation continues
• A new sense of Chinese nationalism emerges.
• Qing court begins steps to reform-promises a full
  constitutional govt by 1917.

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1911 Revolution

• Revolutionaries in southern China successfully
  overthrew Qing dynasty.
• Republic was established
• Sun Yat-sen (Yixian) became the provisional
  leader of the Republic of China.

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Japans Response to the West
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The Opening of Japan

• On July 8, 1853, Commodore Matthew C. Perry (USN)
  entered Edo Bay with his black ships to demand
  that Japan open its ports to the U.S.
• Under the Tokugawa Shogunate, Japan had enforced
  a policy of selective contact for almost 250
  years.
• The bakufu was thrown into a panic. Its inability
  to expel the foreigners brought its legitimacy
  into question.

Matthew C. Perry (1794-1858)
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U.S. Objectives

• Commodore Perrys task was to present a letter
  from President Millard Fillmore to the Emperor of
  Japan. It was signed, Your Good Friend, Millard
  Fillmore.
• America sought
• A coaling station on the great circle route to
  China at which provisions could be obtained.
• Assurance of good treatment for shipwrecked
  sailors.
• Trade.

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Japanese Response

• The Japanese were awed by the speed and size of
  Perrys ships.
• The Japanese made an unsuccessful attempt to
  intercept Perrys ships as they entered Edo Bay.
• The large amounts of black smoke led some
  Japanese to think that Perrys ships were on
  fire.
• The letter was delivered to representatives of
  the bakufu at a hostile but correct meeting. The
  letter was to be transmitted to the Emperor.
  Perry would return in the Spring for an answer.
• Perrys delegation returned to their ships with a
  small Marine band playing Yankee Doodle.

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Treaty of Kanagawa

• Perry returned in February of 1854 with eight
  ships. The bakufu decided it had little choice
  but to follow a conciliatory policy.
• The Treaty of Kanagawa
• Opened two ports for provisioning American ships,
  Shimoda and Hakodate.
• Provided for humane treatment shipwrecked
  sailors.
• Established diplomatic but not commercial
  relations. (Townsend Harris was chosen to
  negotiate a separate commercial treaty. He
  arrived in 1856.)
• By 1860 Japan had given many foreigners
  permission to trade at treaty ports and granted
  extraterritorial rights.

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Meiji Restoration

• The opening of Japan precipitated a crisis which
  eventually led to the fall of the shogun and the
  restoration of imperial power in 1868.

Emperor Meiji (1852-1912)
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1867 Meiji Emperor established a new govt

• Emperor Mutsuhito ended the Tokugawa shogunate
  military dictatorship and established a new
  govt.
• Selectively adapted aspects of foreign culture
  that they admired, such as American education
  system and Germanys centralized govt military
  discipline
• Followed the Western path to industrialization
  developed modern industry(shipbuilding, weapons,
  banking) by utilizing the prestige of the Samurai
  families (Mitsubishi)

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Meiji Reforms

• Feudalism dismantled
• The daimyo received lucrative financial
  settlements, but the samurai lost their status as
  hereditary elite.
• Satsuma rebellion in 1877 of the samurai
• Lands held by lords returned to emperor.
• A modern national army with conscription created
• Occupations were opened to all

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Iwakura Mission

• Members of the mission Iwakura Tonomi,
  plenipotentiary and ambassador (center), Kido
  Koin, Ito Hirobumi and Okubo Toshmichi, vice
  ambassadors (left to right) .

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Iwakura Mission Objectives

• The two year mission left in 1871. The 48 members
  plus 60 students toured the world and the west in
  particular with two objectives
• To renegotiate unequal treaties signed with the
  west. In this, they completely failed.
• To gain knowledge to be used in the modernization
  of Japan. In this, they achieved great success.
  The impact of the trip was almost immediately
  felt.
• The members examined everything from iron
  foundries to stock exchanges and prisons to
  telegraph offices.

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Modernization of the Military

• Models were sought and followed.
• The Army A French model was first used, but
  later changed to the German model.
• The Navy The British model was followed.
• Initially, success was illusive.
• The Formosa Expedition of 1874 proved a disaster.
• Satsuma Rebellion of 1877, the government only
  won thru the weight of superior numbers and
  resources.
• But then . . .
• Sino-Japanese War of 1894, Japan easily won.
• Russo- Japanese War of 1904, Japan easily won.

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Education

• Education was another area of early emphasis and
  borrowing.
• Professor David Murray of Rutgers University was
  appointed superintendent of Schools and Colleges.
  He founded the Japanese education system.
• Many students were sent abroad for education. One
  of them, Mori Arinori, studied physics in England
  and at the age of 25 became Japans first envoy
  to the U.S.
• Kaneko Kentaro came to the U.S. with the Iwakura
  Mission to attend Harvard where he was a
  classmate of Theodore Roosevelt. He later
  influenced him to mediate the settlement of
  Russo-Japanese War.

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Education

• In spite of a few missteps, by 1902 Japan could
  boast
• Two Universities.
• 222 intermediate schools.
• 27, 076 elementary schools.
• Of all the things the Japanese learned from
  America, baseball was the most fascinating. A
  missionary, Horace Wilson, taught the game to
  students at Tokyo University in 1873. In 1896,
  the Japanese beat the American Athletic Club of
  Yokahama 29 to 4.

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The Economy

• To industrialize the country, an infrastructure
  of transportation and communication was needed.
• The British were hired to introduce the
  telegraph. Within 10 years, a national network
  was in place.
• Maejima Hisoka, a former samurai, introduced the
  postal system to Japan in 1871 using a British
  model. By 1880, 76 thousand kilometers of postal
  routes were operated at a profit. By 1900, a
  billion items a year were being carried.

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The Economy

• A major investment was made in railroads. The
  first line was between Tokyo and Yokohama in
  1872. By the mid 1890s, there were 2,000 miles
  of track.
• The government took the lead in many areas
  cement, glass, tiles, textiles, shipyards, mines,
  munitions, etc. The objective was to demonstrate
  profitability, privatize and subsidize, if
  necessary. The Zaibatsu (conglomerates) resulted.
• The Japan Steamship Company is an example of this
  philosophy in action. The government backed a
  poor samurai with a couple of ships in 1873. By
  1879, he had beat out the foreign competition.
  The company became the foundation of Mitsubishi
  and Mitsui.

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The Meiji Constitution

• Ito Hirobumi drafted the Meiji Constitution along
  German lines after two years study in Europe.
• The Diet (legislature) was composed of a House of
  Representatives and a House of Peers.
• The single greatest weakness of the Meiji
  Constitution was the cabinet system. The military
  was represented by active duty officers.
• If either the army or navy became dissatisfied
  with the cabinet, it could simply withdraw its
  representative. When this happened, a new
  cabinet had to be formed.
• The cabinet was responsible to the emperor, not
  the legislature.
• The emperor retained sole authority to declare
  war, conclude treaties, command military forces,
  open and close the legislature, veto decision of
  the legislature and issue ordinances independent
  of the legislature.BUT. . . Was usually passive
  seldom expressed a clear opinion.

Ito Hirobumi (1841-1909)
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1894 Sino-Japanese War

• Rebellion broke out against Koreas king who then
  asked Chinese govt. for military help.
• Chinese troops marched into Korea.
• Japan protested Chinese violation of a mutual
  agreement of non-aggression and then sent
  Japanese troops to fight the Chinese.

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Sino Japanese War

• The war led to the following consequences
• The destruction of the Chinese navy.
• The beginning of Japanese empire expansion.
• A change in the worlds balance of power
• Emergence of Russia Japan as major powers and
  enemies- in East Asia

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1904 Russo-Japanese War

• CAUSE
• Russia refused to stay out of Korea because
  Russia still wanted a warm water port for trade.
• Japan launched a surprise attack on the Russian
  navy anchored off the coast of Manchuria.

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Russo-Japanese War

• Consequences
• Russian navy was defeated by Japan and destroyed.
• Japan occupied Korea and Manchuria
• Russia was forced to withdraw from Manchuria
  Korea
• SHOCK AROUND THE WORLD!!

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1910 Japan annexes Korea

• Japanese rule of Korea is harsh, one of the most
  brutal in history.
• They establish a repressive govt that denies
  rights to Koreans but modernizes the country.
• Inspires a Korean nationalist movement.

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And now

• The Japanese willow bent with the winds of
  western imperialism and survived the Chinese oak
  stood fast against the winds from the west and
  fell.

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Why was Japan like a willow tree?

• Discuss with your partner.
• Then answer part B
• Why was the Meiji era in Japan viewed as a
  period of enlightenment rule?