Title: Middle%20Ages%20Renaissance%20Reformation
1Middle Ages Renaissance Reformation
2Medieval Europe
- BackgroundThe Middle Ages were a dark age for
Europe. Constant invasions and very little food
required that Europeans develop a new system for
living. - This system included all aspects of life,
social, political, and economic. It was called
Feudalism
3Feudalism
- Feudalism was a system of life that helped people
survive the middle ages. - A lord's manor, estate, or land would include
peasant villages, a church, farm land, a mill,
and the lord's castle or manor house
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5Manorialism
- Manors were self sufficient (could survive on
their own) all economic activity occurred on the
manor. This meant that little to no trade
occurred during this time period. - Most of the peasants during the Middle Ages were
serfs. Serfs were given land to farm in exchange
for service to their lord. Service included
working in the fields, maintaining roads and the
manor, or military service in during wars. .
6The Feudal System
KingsGive large land grants to Upper Lords called fiefsGive ProtectionReceives money, military service, and advice
Upper LordsGive land grants to Lesser LordsGive ProtectionReceives money, military service
Lesser LordsGive land grants to knightsReceives money, military service
KnightsGive land to peasants/serfsReceives crops, labor
Peasants/ SerfsReceives land to farm Pays with labor, crops
The Feudal System
KingsGive large land grants to Upper Lords called fiefsGive ProtectionReceives money, military service, and advice
Upper LordsGive land grants to Lesser LordsGive ProtectionReceives money, military service
Lesser LordsGive land grants to knightsReceives money, military service
KnightsGive land to peasants/serfsReceives crops, labor
Peasants/ SerfsReceives land to farm Pays with labor, crops
7Role of the Church
- Spiritual Religion was a central part of life
for medieval people from baptism to marriage. - The Church was the largest landholder, gained
wealth through tithing and had its own laws. - The Church was very powerful during the Dark
Ages, more powerful than any government or
country.
8During the middle ages two distinct Christian
churches emerged
9The Crusades
- In the 1050s the Turks invade the Byzantine
empire and conquered Palestine or the Holy land. - The Muslims and Jews also considered this their
Holy Land. - The Pope called for a crusade to free the Holy
Land
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11Reasons for the Crusades
- The Pope wanted to increase his power
- Christians believed it was their duty to recover
the Holy Land - Nobles wanted to gain wealth.
- Adventurers sought travel and excitement
- Serfs hoped to escape feudal oppression
12Impact of the Crusades
- A major results of the Crusades, include Cultural
Diffusion and an increase in trade. European
interest in goods from the east was stimulated by
returning Crusaders who brought back many things.
As the Crusades ended, ships that were once used
to carry soldiers to the Middle East, now carried
trade goods. Merchants from rich Italian city
states, such as Venice and Florence, dominated
this trade.
13Trade Fairs and Growth of Cities
- Along the trade routes, trade fairs were
established in towns with larger populations, or
at major crossroads. Merchants and craftsman
settled in these towns, and some grew to be
cities of several thousand people. This
fundamentally altered the way people lived in
Europe, and marked the beginning of the end of
feudalism as serfs began to pay their feudal
obligations with cash instead of service. An
economy based on money, not barter emerged.
14The Black Death
- The bubonic plague was a highly infectious
disease spread by the fleas on rats. Rats were
common in the cities of this time. - This particular outbreak first appeared in China
In the early 1300s with deaths of about 35
million Chinese. - It was a global epidemic that that spread through
the increased trade between counties. - Between 1347 and 1353, the plague killed on
person out of every three in Europe over 25
million.
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16Transforming from the Middle Ages
- HOW IT CHANGED
- Nobles, middle class, peasants
- Trade/money/lending/ banking/insurance
- Questioned church/secular view
- Celebrate life/Enjoy the Present/ Humanism
- Focus on Individual
- WHAT IT WAS
- Feudal System
- Manors
- Church is all knowing
- Black Death
- Focus on the Afterlife
- Focus on Group
17The Renaissance
- Renaissance means rebirth. It was a golden age
in the arts, literature and sciences. - During the Middle ages, philosophers and writers
were concerned with life after death. - In stead of the medieval preoccupation of life
after death, a new way of thinking, Humanism,
focused on life in the present and emphasized
individual achievements. - Ancient knowledge was rediscovered and the
Classical period of the Greeks and Romans were
glorified.
18Why Italy?
- Urban Centers
- Large city-states in northern Italy
- Cities breeding ground for intellectual
revolution - Cities Florence, Milan
- Thriving centers of trade and manufacturing
- Wealthy Merchant Class
- Merchants wealthiest, most powerful class
dominated politics - Had to pursue other interests Arts/education
- Medici Family
- Cosimo de Medici Influenced the ruling
council (loans)) - Lorenzo de Medici behind the scene dictator
19Why Italy?
- Classical Heritage
- Return to Greek and Roman ideals
- Arts and scholars inspired by ruins of Rome
- 1300s Latin and Greek manuscripts studied
20New Outlook/AttitudeClassical - Worldly
- Patrons of Arts
- Church spent beautifying Rome
- Wealthy families supported artists
- Renaissance Man
- Ideal individual strove to master all areas of
study - universal man
- Renaissance Woman
- Inspire but not create art
- Less influential than middle age women
21New Outlook/Attitude
- Enjoyment of Worldly Pleasures
- Middle Ages piety
- Humanists- can enjoy life without insulting God
- People were still devout Catholics but
- concerns were secular (worldly and here/now)
22Renaissance Art
- Some of the greatest paintings, sculptures, and
architecture in the history of the world. - Greek and Romans styles were used for columns,
arches, and domes. - Artists were supported by merchants, popes and
princes. - Art was detailed, realistic, and reflected study
of human anatomy
23Michelangelo
24Leonardo da Vinci
25Raphael and Rubens
26Literary Achievements
- Dante Wrote the Divine Comedy
- Cervantes wrote Don Quixote
- Shakespeare wrote many plays
- Machiavelli wrote the Prince
27Impact of Printing Press
- By 1300 papermaking and print technology had
reached Europe from China. - The invention of moveable type led Gutenberg to
print the Bible in 1456. - Books became more available
- Literacy increased
- Ideas spread rapidly
28Causes of Reformation
- The Renaissance. Humanism led people to question
Church authority as increasing faith was put in
human reason. - Strong Monarchs. A weakened church meant strong
national monarchs could increase their power. - Problems within the church. Corruption among
church leaders. Increased fees for marriage,
baptism and indulgences for the pardon of sins.
29Protestantism
- In 1517 a German monk, named Martin Luther posted
his famous 95 Theses against indulgences. - Promoted radical idea that faith in God alone,
not the Pope granted pardon for sins. - Sparked Protestant Reformation.
- Followers of Luthers beliefs were called
Lutherans and---eventually----Protestants,
because they protested Papal authority. - A French priest, John Calvin, an influential
reformer who also preached predestination
started another protestant movement.
30Martin Luther and John Calvin
- Ideas spread to Northern Germany and Scandinavia
- Ideas spread to France, Germany, Holland,
England and Scotland
31 Unless I am convicted by scripture and plain
reason, I do not accept the authority of the
popes and councils, for they have contradicted
each other, my conscience is captive to the
Word of God. I cannot and I will not recant
anything for to go against conscience is neither
right nor safe. God help me. Amen. Martin
Luthers defense at his Catholic inquisition,
April 1521
32Counter Reformation
- A reform movement also took place in the Catholic
Church. - The purpose was to strengthen the Catholic Church
and keep Catholics from converting to
Protestantism - 1545 Council of Trent reaffirmed Catholic beliefs
and worked to end abuses - Ignatius Loyola founded the Jesuits. Jesuit
missionaries helped spread Catholism around the
world
33Effects of Reformation
- Formation of Protestant Churches
- Loss of religious and political unity in Western
Europe - Religious conflicts sparked wars among the
European states for over 100 years - Anti-Semitism. Religious persecution increased,
especially against Jews. - Witch Hunts
34Summary
- From the late Middle Ages feudalism continued to
decline as kings, nobles and the Church struggled
for power. A growing population and increase in
trade led to a commercial revolution in Europe
and a growing middle class. The Renaissance
sparked a new way of looking at the world and the
printing press helped new ideas such as the
Reformation continue to challenge the old order.
Nations began to unite under strong monarchs and
nation states emerged.