HERE IS THE WORLD

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HERE IS THE WORLD
AND HERE IS NORTH AFRICA AND SOUTHWEST ASIA

• Due to the location, its called the Crossroads
  of Continents Europe, Africa, and Asia

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NORTH AFRICA
MIDDLE EAST
SOUTHWEST ASIA
SOUTHWEST ASIA IS MORE COMMONLY CALLED THE
MIDDLE EAST
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SOME COUNTRIES IN NORTH AFRICA ARE
(Sinai Peninsula)
ALGERIA
AND EGYPT
LIBYA
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SOME COUNTRIES IN THE MIDDLE EAST ARE
AFGHANISTAN
TURKEY
IRAN
IRAQ
SAUDI ARABIA
KUWAIT
QATAR
ISRAEL
AND THE UNITED ARAB EMIRATES (UAE)
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SEMI
SEMI
DESERT
SEMI
DESERT
DESERT
DESERT
DESERT
SAHEL
DESERT
Most of the climate is arid (dry)
and semi-arid (partly dry)
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The Pyramids at Giza
http//www.fgsd.winnipeg.mb.ca/vmc/swaweb/cc/ccswo
w6.htm
The ancient Egyptians used manual labor and
wooden tools to build these magnificent tombs for
pharoahs.
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MINARETS
MOSQUES places of worship for Muslims. Typical
features are domes and minarets
DOME
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The Hagia Sofia in Istanbul, Turkey. Built
between 532 and 537 by the Christian Emperor
Justinian I as a Byzantine church, which it
functionedas for the next 900 years. In 1453,
the Islamic-faithed Ottomans took over
Constantinople (now Istanbul). They wasted little
time in converting the Hagia Sophia into a
mosque. It served the Muslims for almost 500
years. The Ottomans painted over the Christian
mosaics - and erected the four defining minarets
we see today. In 1934, Turkey changed the Hagia
Sofia's status from mosque to museum and
uncovered the priceless Byzantine mosaics.
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The Dome of the Rock
http//www.sacredsites.com/1st30/domeof.html
Jerusalem This Muslim holy site was built on the
remains of the Temple of Solomon, a holy site for
Jews
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The Kaaba
http//ccat.sas.upenn.edu/brvs/kaaba.html
Located in Mecca, Saudi Arabia, the Kaaba is the
most sacred site for Muslims. A Muslim must take
the haj (pilgrimage) to Mecca at least once in
his/her life.
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The Church of the Holy Sepulcher
http//www.israel-mfa.gov.il/mfa/go-visual.asp?MFA
J01wh0
Jerusalem This church was built on the site
where Christians believe that Jesus Christ was
crucified.
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The Church of the Holy Sepulcher
http//www.israel-mfa.gov.il/mfa/go-visual.asp?MFA
J01wh0
Jerusalem This church was built on the site
where Christians believe that Jesus Christ was
crucified.
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The Western Wall in Jerusalem Also known as the
Wailing Wall
http//www.sacredsites.com/1st30/domeof.html
http//www.igc.apc.org/ddickerson/western-wall.gif
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Middle East

1. Neolithic Revolution 10,000 3500 BC
2. Hunters and gatherers to farmers
3. Ground work of civilization
4. Domestication of animals and farming
5. Lead to development of cities

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Early Mesopotamia

1. Tigris and Euphrates River Valleys
2. Plains easy to invade
3. Much cultural diffusion
4. Fertile Crescent
5. Crossroads of civilization

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Sumerian Civilization

• Polytheistic
• Ziggurats
• City state
• Grew rich from trade
• Contributions
• Wheel
• Cuneiform
• Algebra/geometry

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Other Civilizations of the fertile Cresecent

1. Many outside groups invaded the Fertile Cresecent
2. Assyrians
3. Persians
4. Babylon/ Hammurabis laws Code
5. Favored the upper class over lower ones/
   punishment was harsh
6. Hittites/Iron
7. Lydians/coined money
8. Phoenicians/carriers of civilization

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Byzantine Empire

1. Justinians Law Code
2. Byzantine Architecture
3. Control of the Dardanelles
4. Strait of Bosporus
5. Eastern Orthodox Religion
6. The Great Schism/Icons 1054
7. Preserved Greco-Roman Culture

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Rise of Judaism

1. Monotheistic
2. Torah
3. Ten Commandments
4. Old Testament of the Bible contains the Torah
5. Moral Standards and Justice
6. Dietary laws/pork and shellfish prohibited
7. Combining meat and dairy

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Rise of Islam

1. Muhammad
2. Hegira (hijra) Mecca to Medina
3. Koran (Quran)
4. Five Pillars
5. Allah is the one and only God
6. Pray five times a day
7. Give alms to the poor
8. Fast during Ramadan
9. Pilgrimage to Mecca

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Islam

1. Dietary Rules no pork/ no alcohol/
2. no gambling
3. Dress requirements for women
4. Appealed to many because it emphasized honesty,
   generosity, and social justice
5. Built vast trading empires/important means of
   spreading Islam as well as war
6. Golden Age Mathematics and Science/Medicine

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Islam

1. Divisions within Islam
2. Sunnis believed that the caliph should be chosen
   by Muslim leaders
3. Shiites believe that only descendents of Muhammad
   should be his successor

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Islam

• Special tax on non Muslims/ but allowed to
  practice own faith
• Slavery
• Major Dynasties/Umayyad Abbassid
• Crusades

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Crusades

1. Were driven by Christian desire to force the
   Muslims from Palestine as well as to gain power
   and wealth
2. Resulted in trade increase with the Muslim world
3. Introduced Europeans to the advances of Byzantine
   and Muslim civilizations
4. Catholic Church loses power
5. Social Mobility more than European society
6. Decline of feudalism

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Ottoman Empire

1. 1453 1918
2. Fall of Constantinople to Ottoman Turks
3. Istanbul
4. Continued growth of Islam
5. Before and during WW I demand of nationalist
   groups leads to breakup of Empire
6. Rise of Mustafa Kemal Ataturk/Turkey
7. Modernizes Turkey secular govt

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1800s to Present Key people and groups

• Kemal Ataturk
• Ben Gurion/Golda Meir/ Menachem Begin/Yitzhak
  Rabin
• Gamal Nasser/Anwar Sadat
• Ayatollah Khomeini
• Yasir Arafat
• Saddam Hussein

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Key Groups and Events

• Balfour Declaration
• PLO
• OPEC
• Camp David Accords
• Inifata
• Persian Gulf War
• Iranian Revolution
• Islamic Fundamentalists
• Arab Israeli Wars

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Kemal Ataturk

• Westernizes and modernizes Turkey in 1923
• Created a new legal system
• Separated the laws of Islam from the laws of the
  nation.
• Abolished religious courts
• Women gained more rights
• Latin Alphabet
• Industrialized Turkey

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Geography/Natural Resources Middle East

• Limited water supply Only Turkey and Egypt have
  an adequate water supply.
• Arguments over dam and water rights
• Building of desalinization plants Kuwait and
  Saudi Arabia/ very expensive
• Largest Oil Fields in the World
• Oil rich nations gain wealth political
  economic power Formation of OPEC.
• Oil is not evenly distributed across the
  region/war over oil rich lands/Persian Gulf War.
• Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Iraq, and Iran largest
  producers of oil.

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OPEC

• Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries
• Formed in 1960 by Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi
  Arabia, Venezuela
• Later others joined
• Goal control oil industry by controlling
  production and prices
• Used as a weapon/ cut supplies to Israels
  allies. 1973
• Interdependence of Countries

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Arab Israel Conflict

• 1917/ 1923 Balfour Declaration by Britain
• Supported the Idea of Zionism/nation for the Jews
• Both Jews and Palestinians claimed the right to
  the land of Palestine/historic claim
• 1947 United Nations drew up a plan
• Dividing Palestine
• War broke out
• Cold War US backs Israel/Soviet Union backs Arabs

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Arab Israeli Conflict

• Israel wins / 700,000 Palestinians homeless
• Ben Gurion/nationalist leader of Israel
• Doubles its territory
• 1948-1949 War
• 1956 War over Suez Canal
• 1967 War Six Day War
• 1973 WarYom Kippur War
• 1980s Arab unity difficult to achieve
• Israel common enemy

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PLO

• Palestine Liberation Organization
• Terrorist Group representing the Arabs
• Goal regain homeland/kill all Jews
• Extinguish the Zionists
• Leader Yasir Arafat

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Arafat

• I dont know anyone who has as much civilian
  Jewish blood on his hands as Arafat since the
  Nazis time. Former Israeli Defense Minister
  Ariel Sharon, October 1995

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Camp David Accords 1979

• Anwar Sadat (Egypt) Menachen Begin (Israel)
• 1st Peace Treaty between Arabs Jews

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Oslo Accords 1993

• Self Rule for Palestinians in Gaza and West Bank
• Signed by Yasir Arafat and Yitzhak Rabin

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Peace Slips Away

• 1987 Intifada or uprising
• Takes the form of demonstrations, boycotts and
  attacks on Israeli soldiers
• Rock throwing by unarmed Palestinian teenagers
• Civil disobedience put pressure on Israel

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Continued Hostilities

• Peace still has not been achieved in the Middle
  East
• Why?
• Two nationalists movements/Israeli and
  Palestinian
• Militants on both sides/hatred/60 years of
  fighting and dying
• Economic trouble in Palestinian controlled areas
• Israeli need to maintain territorial security
• Right of return by Palestinians
• Disagreements over the Golan Heights, Sinai
  Peninsula, and the Gaza Strip

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Second Intifada

• Late 1990s and 2000s
• Violence escalates
• Terrorism increases
• Israeli soldiers destroy homes of terrorists and
  close off the West Bank
• Trouble with Hamas
• Hamas now controls the Palestinian Authority

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Civil War in Lebanon

• Religious Civil War between Christians and
  Muslims
• Began in 1975
• Israeli and Syrian forces were also involved
• Anarchy in Lebanon
• 1990s a degree of order had returned
• 2006 Israel invades Lebanon again to destroy
  terrorist bases in that country.

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The Iranian Revolution 0f 1979

• Muhammad Reza Pahlavi/The Shah of Iran
• Controlled the Govt
• Dictator
• Pro Western/ US
• Westernized and modernized his country
• Replaced by a theocracy a government ruled by a
  religious person

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Iranian Revolution

• Revolution Leader/Ayatollah Khomeini
• Shiite Muslim
• Anti Western and US/ Declares Islamic Republic/
  Islamic Fundamentalists
• Western books, music and movies were banned
• Strict adherence to Muslim religious tradition
• Many rights taken from women
• Seize American Embassy

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Saddam Hussein and Iraq

• 1980 Iran Iraq War
• Ends in 1988
• Persian Gulf War
• 1990 Iraq invades Kuwait and seizes oil fields
• 1991 US and United Nations defeat Iraq
• Economic Sanctions against Iraq
• UN/Iraq must destroy weapons of mass destruction
• Kurds minority group that wants to overthrow
  Hussein/protected by US

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Post 9/11 The War on Iraq

1. George Bush and the Us claimed that Saddam
   Hussein had chemical and biological weapons of
   mass destruction.
2. March 2003 US Invades
3. Us has fought Saddams supporters, foreign
   terrorists and Islamic Militants
4. 2005 New Iraqi government elected

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Islamic Fundamentalism

• Strict adherence to Muslim traditions/ writings
  in the Quran
• Iran/Libya/Algeria
• Anti western
• Women loses rights
• Conflicts between traditionalists and modernists
• Shiites (fundamentalists) vs Sunnis (modernists)
  and or Westernized countries

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Egypt

1. 1950s ruled by Nasser
2. Soviet Union Alliance
3. 1956 Nationalize the Suez Canal
4. Wants money to modernize Egypt
5. Leads to war 1956 Egypt vs. Israel, Britain and
   France.
6. Aswan Dam