THE EUROPEAN WORLD

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CHAPTER 1

• SECTION 2
• THE EUROPEAN WORLD

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EUROPEANS

• DRIVEN BY A DESIRE FOR WEALTH A SENSE OF DUTY
  TO SPREAD THEIR RELIGION

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THE EARLY MIDDLE AGES

• AD 500- 1300 MEDIEVAL PERIOD
• EUROPEAN INVASIONS
• GERMAN FRANKS SETTLED ACROSS EUROPE
• FROM THE NORTH VIKINGS LOOTED BURNED VILLAGES
• MUSLIMS SOUGHT TO SPREAD THEIR RELIGION

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FEUDALISM

• TO PROTECT THEMSELVES AGAINST THESE THREATS,
  EUROPEANS CREATED FEUDALISM.
• POWERFUL NOBLE OR LORD DIVIDED HIS LARGE
  LANDHOLDINGS AMONG LESS LORDS, WHO IN RETURN OWED
  HIM MILITARY SERVICE OTHER SERVICES
• BASIS WAS THE MANOR (LARGE ESTATE OF THE LORD)

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• PEASANTS (SERFS) FARMED THE LAND GAVE THEIR
  LORD A PORTION OF THE HARVEST IN EXCHANGE FOR
  SHELTER PROTECTION
• FORBIDDEN TO LEAVE
• MANOR PRODUCED EVERYTHING A FEUDAL SOCIETY NEEDED
  AS A RESULT EUROPEAN FOREIGN TRADE DIED OUT

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MEDIEVAL RELIGION

• ROMAN CATHOLIC GOVERED THE SPIRITUAL LIFE OF
  MEDIEVAL CHRISTIANS.
• POPE HAD AUTHORITY OVER EMPERORS KINGS
• CLERGY PERFORMED RELIGIOUS CEREMONIES, OWNED
  LARGE PLOTS OF LAND WERE LORDS OF MANORS
• CLERGYS POWER CAME FROM THE FACT THEY WERE THE
  ONLY EDUCATED PEOPLE IN MEDIEVAL EUROPE.

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• EVERY CHRISTIAN WAS EXPECTED TO SHOW
  UNQUESTIONING OBEDIENCE TO CHURCH AUTHORITY

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THE LATE MIDDLE AGES

• AROUND THE YEAR 1000
• NEW FARMING METHODS LED TO MORE POPULATION
  COMPETITION FOR LAND
• NEW TRADE ROUTES TO ASIA

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THE CRUSADES

• MUSLIM EMPIRE POWER GREW.
• 1077- MUSLIMS FROM TURKEY SEIZED JERUSALEM.
• 1096-1291 CHURCH ORGANIZED A SERIES OF MILITARY
  CAMPAIGNS TO TAKE JERUSALEM BACK (FAILED)

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• THE CRUSADES REAL IMPACT- INCREASED EUROPEAN
  AWARENESS OF THE WORLD BEYOND THEIR BORDERS
  ACCELERATED ECONOMIC CHANGE
• CRUSADERS BROUGHT BACK SPICES, PERFUMES, FABRICS
  FROM ASIA
• 1271- MARCO POLO WENT TO CHINA
• WROTE ABOUT HIS EXPERIENCES THAT SENT EUROPEAN
  MERCHANTS SCRAMBLING TO SET UP TRADING MISSIONS
  TO THE EAST.

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THE GROWTH OF CITIES

• MERCHANTS SOLD THEIR FOREIGN GOODS AT FARES SET
  UP ALONG WATER TRADE ROUTES
• GROWTH OF CITIES AND TRADE IN EUROPE HAD 3 MAJOR
  EFFECTS.

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• THREE EFFECTS
• CREATED A MIDDLE CLASS
• REVIVED A MONEY ECONOMY
• CONTRIBUTED TO THE EVENTUAL BREAKDOWN OF THE
  FEUDAL SYSTEM

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THE RISE OF MONARCHS

• EUROPES GROWING WEALTH INCREASED THE POWER OF THE
  MONARCHS. (THOSE WHO RULE OVER A STATE OR
  TERRITORY)
• ATTRACTED THE LOYALTY OF THE MIDDLE CLASS BY
  PROTECTING TRADE ROUTES KEEPING THE PEACE
• OFTEN LED TO CLASHES BETWEEN KINGS OR NOBLES
• KING JOHN OF ENGLAND WAS FORCED TO SIGN THE MAGNA
  CARTA IN 1215 GREAT CHARTER

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GREAT CHARTER

• NOT ONLY SHAPED BRITISH LAW AND GOVERNMENT BUT
  BECAME THE FOUNDATION FOR FUTURE AMERICAN IDEALS
  OF LIBERTY AND JUSTICE.

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THE RISE OF UNIVERSITIES

• NEEDED PEOPLE TO RUN GOVERNMENTS OR IN CHURCH
• ANCIENT WRITINGS WERE TRANSLATED INTO LATIN
• THESE WERE THE BEGINNINGS OF A CULTURAL
  REVOLUTION SOON TO SWEEP THE CONTINENT.

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THE BLACK DEATH

• 1300S THE PLAGUE
• KILLED 1/3 OF EUROPES POPULATION
• CARRIED BY FLEAS ON RATS
• CAUSED STARVATION, RIOTS, ECONOMIC COLLAPSE
• CAME A LOSS OF RELIGIOUS FAITH, PEOPLE BEGAN
  DOUBTING CHURCH TEACHINGS

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THE RENAISSANCE

• REBIRTH
• ENORMOUS CREATIVITY RAPID CHANGE
• THE PURSUIT OF LEARNING
• QUEST FOR KNOWLEDGE (ART, LITERATURE, SCIENCE,
  PHILOSOPHY, ECONOMICS, POLITICAL THOUGHT)

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• MICHELANGELO, DA VINCI, SHAKESPEARE
• BROUGHT ORDER UNITY TO EUROPE
• BEGAN USING REASON EXPERIMENTATION TO
  UNDERSTAND THE PHYSICAL WORLD

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CULTURAL CHANGES IN ITALY

• THE RENAISSANCE FLOURISHED IN THE CITIES OF
  NORTHERN ITALY.

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A GOLDEN AGE

• 1400S AND 1500S
• RENAISSANCE ART EXPLORED THE PHYSICAL WORLD THE
  INDIVIDUAL ROLE IN IT
• THIS CORE PHILOSOPHY OF THE PERIOD IS CALL
• HUMANISM

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THE PRINTING PRESS

• JOHANN GUTENBERG
• FIRST BOOK WAS THE BIBLE
• COMMUNICATION REVOLUTION
• 200 MILLION BOOKS CAME OFF EUROPEAN PRESS

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THE REFORMATION

• 1517- MARTIN LUTHER LED THE REFORMATION
• DECLARED THE BIBLE WAS THE TRUE AUTHORITY
• PROTESTANTS- PROTESTED CATHOLIC AUTHORITY

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THE RISE OF NATIONS

• GOVERNMENT BY LOCAL NOBLES THE CHURCH DECLINED
• EUROPE THOUGHT OF THEMSELVES AS MEMBERS OF NATIONS

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SEAFARING TECHNOLOGY

• COMPETITION FOR ASIAN TRADE
• 1400- ONLY WAY TO REACH ASIA WAS TO REACH BY LAND
• NEW TECHNOLOGY- COMPASS, ASTROLABE (ancient
  astronomical computer for solving problems
  relating to time and the position of the Sun and
  stars in the sky) QUADRANT

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PORTUGAL TAKES TO THE SEAS

• 1418- PRINCE HENRY
• THE NAVIGATOR ESTABLISHED A MARINERS SCHOOLS
• DEVELOPED THE CARAVEL, THE FINAL TOOL FOR LON
  RANGE VOYAGES. COULD SAIL WITH THE WIND AND
  AGAINST IT.
• 1488- BARTHOLOMEU DIAS SAILED AROUND THE SOUTHERN
  TIP OF AFRICA CAPE OF GOOD HOPE

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• 1497- VASCO DA GAMA SAILED TO INDIA. THE FIRST
  SEA ROUTE FROM EUROPE TO ASIA WAS OPEN.

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COMPETITION TO THE SEAS

• FERDINAND ISABELLA OF SPAIN
• LAUNCHED THE INQUISITION
• CAMPAIGN BASED ON RACIAL PREJUDICE
• GOAL WAS TO DISCOVER PUNISH JEWS MUSLIMS WHO
  WERE POSING AS CHRISTIANS
• 1492- ALL JEWS REFUSING TO BE BAPTIZED WERE
  EXPELLED FROM SPAIN

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• GOALS
• SURPASS PORTGUAL IN THE SEA RACE
• BRING CHRISTIANITY TO NEW LANDS