Age of Exploration!

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Age of Exploration!
Hooray!!
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State building in Europe

• Plague and internal problems destroy the power of
  the Holy Roman Empire
• German Princes and Italian City-States have the
  power develop two important elements that
  spread throughout Europe
• Direct Taxation and Standing Armies!

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State Building throughout Europe

• France and England fight constantly over land
  (Hundred Years War 1337-1453)
• France taxed sales, hearths and salt
• England taxed hearths, plows and even individuals
  (just for being there!)
• Russia 1480, Moscow prince Ivan the III stops
  paying tribute to Mongols and in effect declaring
  independence

Thats IVAN THE GREAT to you!
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Aragon!
Castile!
Spain!

• 1469 Marriage of Fernando of Aragon and Isabel
  of Castile
• United two most important (and richest) Iberian
  realms
• The Catholic Kings complete the reconquista,
  and create a hegemony throughout much of the
  Italian peninsula.

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By 1492, the Reconquista or reconquering of
Spain is complete. (the Catholics force out the
Muslims!)
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Bring it all together!

• Competition grows as these areas tighten and
  defend their authority!
• Conflict is encouraged by rapid development of
  military and naval technology (gunpowder weapons,
  ships, etc)
• Arms and technology race strengthened European
  powers just as they began to venture into the
  larger world

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Why explore?

• Gold
• Overland routes were controlled by Mongols and
  Muslims
• Merchants sought a profitable trade with Asia

• God
• Church leaders wanted to spread Christianity and
  halt Islam

• Glory
• A new worldly view had emerged as a result of
  the Renaissance

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Spice Trade

• 1300s Europeans dependent on spices such as
  pepper, cinnamon, nutmeg
• Spices used for flavor, preserving meat,
  perfumes, cosmetics, and medicine
• Spice trade was controlled by Arab and Venetian
  merchants

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Technology necessary

• Oceangoing ships
• Triangle Sails
• Compass
• Astrolabe
• Sextant
• Accurate Maps
• Training in Navigation

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Portugal leads the way

• Not really known as merchants fisherman with
  great experience of travelling on the stormy
  Atlantic

• Prince Henry the Navigator campaigns to spread
  Christianity and increase Portuguese influence.
• Seized Ceuta
• Discovered the Madeiras and Azores
• Discovered islands off West African coast Cape
  Verde, Principe, etc
• Colonized island and began growing sugarcane

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• mid-1400s, Portuguese fleets explore west African
  coast each new expedition proceeding a bit
  further than its predecessor
• Trade develops
• Guns, textiles and manufactured items
• Gold and African Slaves

• Changed the long-established African commerce in
  slaves by increasing its volume and sending
  slaves to new destinations.

• Sent thousands of slaves to work their new island
  sugar plantations

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Indian ocean

• Portugal not done a sea route to Asian markets
  (with silk and spices) would avoid Muslim and
  Italian middlemen.
• Looking to participate directly in Indian Ocean
  trade in 1497, Vasco da Gama sails around the
  cape, finds a Muslim pilot to show him how to
  take advantage of the monsoon winds
• In the following 100 years, Portuguese ships
  armed with cannons worked hard to control Indian
  Ocean trade

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Around the same time

• 1492 Christopher Columbus (an Italian, sailing
  for Spain) discovers new land. (trying to reach
  Asia by sailing west)
• he never realizes it.

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Columbus

• laid the foundation for Spanish control of
  potentially rich territories
• second voyage (14931496), explored Puerto Rico,
  Virgin Islands, Jamaica, Cuba, etc, and attempts
  to establish a colony on Hispaniola. - poor
  management and enslavement of natives
• third voyage (14981500) Columbus landed on
  Trinidad, Venezuela, and as governor of
  Hispanolia, alienated the Spanish colonists and
  was arrested and sent back to Spain as a
  prisoner.
• Stripped of any governing authority by Ferdinand
  and Isabel, 4th voyage (15021504), stranded on
  Jamaica for more than a year, he returned to
  Spain with his health ruined. He died two years
  later (1506), a wealthy but bitter man who felt
  unappreciated by his king and uncertain of his
  legacy.

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A Question of POV

• Hero?

Villain?
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• Although he returns without gold, silk or spices
  he is persistent that he had reached islands near
  Japan and China

• Made 3 more voyages but it was Amerigo Vespucci
  to later realize he had discovered a new world
  hence America

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Spain and Portugal

• Two biggest exploring nations
• Began fighting over land in New World
• Asked Pope to solve dispute
• The Pope divides the New World in half with a
  line!

Pope Alexander VI
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Popes Solution Draw a Line

• West of line is Spains/East of line is Portugals

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The Treaty of Tordesillas (1494)

• The problem is, they had no idea how much New
  World was out there!
• Became obvious Spain got much more land
• Moved the line west a littlebetter??

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Vasco de Balboa

• Spaniard
• Hacked path across Isthmus of Panama
• 1st European to see Pacific Ocean

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Ferdinand Magellan

• From Portugal, Sailed for Spain
• Looking for El Paso ? Sea Route thru America to
  Indies
• Tip of South America Straits of Magellan

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Ferdinand Magellan

• Renamed crossed the Pacific Ocean
• Landed in Philippine Islands
• Died in a battle w/ natives
• His men become the first to circumnavigate the
  globe!

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Northwest Passage

• Find a passage more northerly than Columbus to
  Asia (i.e. through America)

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Northwest Passage Explorers

• John Cabot (English) Newfoundland
• Jacques Cartier (French) St. Lawrence River
• Henry Hudson - (Dutch) Hudson River

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Dutch East India Company

• Created in 1602 by Dutch Merchants
• Used military to stay in power!
• Set up Colonies ? East West Indies, Japan,
  South North America (Manhattan)

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Spanish Empire Grows!!!
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Spanish Empire Grows!!!

• Columbus returned w/ stories of the natives
• Easy to convert to Christianity
• Easy to enslave!

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Given ownership but people there already

• Aztecs in Mexico

• and the Inca in South America

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Spanish Empire Grows!!!

• Spain sends Conquistadors Spanish explorers /
  conquerors
• Sent to bring home riches and slaves

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Hernan Cortes

• Took 11 ships 600 men into Mexico
• Captured Montezuma Aztec king
• Destroyed Tenochtitlan Aztec capitol

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Aztec Civilization
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Agriculture

• Corn
• beans
• Peppers
• squash
• Cocoa
• sweet potatoes
• No beasts of burden but..turkeys
• Chinampas were floating gardens built on swamps.

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Francisco Pizarro

• Landed in Panama w/ 180 men
• Moved South into Peru
• Destroyed Incan Empire
• Captured Atahualpa King of Incas, and killed
  him after ransom was paid!

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Francisco Coronado

• Explored into North America
• Went as far north as Kansas Oklahoma

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Hernando de Soto

• Was w/ Pizarro in Peru
• Explored North America
• Started in Florida, went north into Georgia
  Tennessee
• Discovered the Mississippi River went south to
  Louisiana

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Recap

• What are they looking for?
• Wealth, spices, new sea routes, people to convert
  to Christians, undiscovered land.

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• Indians considered sub-human
• Forced labor systems develop

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Colombian Exchange

• many products were carried to and from the New
  World like
• to the New World horses, cows, wheat, rice,
  oranges
• from the New World corn, potatoes, tobacco,
  cacao (chocolate)
• Europeans carried unknown diseases to the native
  Americans which killed millions (including Small
  Pox)

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Mercantilism

• A theory that a country should try to collect as
  much bullion (gold and silver) as possible,
  creating wealth and power.
• If a country sold more goods to other countries
  than it bought from them, it would acquire this
  bullion.
• Put Simply To become rich, exports should
  exceed imports

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Mercantilism

• High demand for Gold and Silver!

• Governments set high tariffs
• Taxes on Imports
• Colonies
• Provide raw materials
• Provide a market for finished goods

Silver Production in Spanish America1516-1660
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Potosi and Cerro Rico

• The Cerro Rico was literally a mountain of silver
  in Spanish Peru, now Bolivia
• Nearly 41,000 metric tons of pure silver were
  mined from Cerro Rico from 1556 to 1783.
• Indian laborers, came to die by the thousands,
  not simply from exposure and brutal labor, but by
  mercury poisoning
• 30,000 African slaves were taken to Potosí during
  the colonial era.
• Forced to work as acémilas humanas (human mules).
  Since mules would die after a couple of months
  pushing the mills, the colonists replaced every
  four mules with twenty African slaves

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• Spanish Silver and Pieces of Eight

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Changing Ways of Life

• Commercial Revolution
• new business methods for investing money,
  speeding the flow of wealth, reducing risks
• rise of free enterprise (modern capitalism),
  economic system in which money is invested by
  individuals in business to make profits

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More Commercial Revolution

• people who wanted to invest in exploration
  combined resources in joint-stock companies, or
  organizations that sold stock shared in profits
  losses
• rise of entrepreneurs, or individuals who
  combined money, ideas, raw materials, labor to
  make goods services

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Activity

• With your partner, visit each station around the
  room.
• Read each document THEN answer the corresponding
  questions.
• You and your partner should have the same
  answers.

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Background info

• Plants and Animals
• What sorts of plants and animals were exchanged?
• What was the impact of the Columbian exchange on
  population around the world?

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Columbian Exchange
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• Native Americans
• What sort of labor systems were developed as a
  result of the Columbian Exchange?
• What was the impact of the Columbian Exchange on
  Native Americans?

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American Indian Societies Destroyed and
Transformed

• Encomiendas
• Spanish Crown gave land to Spaniards who
  promised to pay the Crown taxes
• The Spaniards, extracted tributes from the
  Indians living on that land in form of goods,
  metals, money, and labor I
• In return they provided Indians with protection
  and instruction in the Christian faith
• Mita
• mandatory public service in the society of the
  Inca Empire. It was effectively a form of tribute
  to the Inca government, in the form of labor
  (community-driven projects such as the building
  of their extensive road network)
• The Spanish utilized this labor system for their
  own needs forced labor in the silver mines

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Vanishing Natives

• Indigenous populations plummet!
• Forced Labor and Disease
• Who will do the work?

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• Silver
• Remember Potosi!
• What happened to the Spanish (and world) economy
  as a result of the huge influx of Silver?
• How was China impacted by Spanish Silver?

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Silver

• Loss of faith in paper money
• Spanish silver from Potosi to Asia
• Triangle route Philippines to China to Japan
• Silver floods Chinese Market
• devaluation of currency recession
• reduces price of Chinese goods in Europe
• UH-OHincreases interest in Chinese culture
• Helps encourage Europeans in conquest and trade
  silver eventually replaced by opium

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• Slavery
• Why was there such a large influx of slaves into
  the New World?
• Where did most of those slaves end up?
• What about unforced migration?

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Slavery in the New World

• Triangular trade
• Set of trades between three points
• The most famous was sugar/rum/slaves
• Begins the transatlantic slave trade
• African chiefs sell members of other tribes for
  guns alcohol
• 10 24 million Africans were brought to America
• 1 in 5 did not survive the journey (Called the
  Middle Passage because it was the middle leg of
  the triangle)