State Building and the

1
Chapter 15

• State Building and the
• Search for Order in the
• Seventeenth Century

2
Social Crises, War, and Rebellions

• Economic Contraction
• Import of silver from Americas declined
• Economic recession intensified
• Population Changes
• 16th century saw growth
• First population recovery since the Black Death
• 17th century leveled off declined
• Population growth leveled off by 1620 and
  declined slightly by 1750
• Population fluctuated narrowly for the rest of
  the 17th century
• Reasons war, famine, and plague along with a
  little ice age which affected harvests

3
Possible Test Question

• Seventeenth-century European population
• Increased dramatically due to greater food
  production.
• Decreased dramatically due to disease and war.
• Experienced great fluctuations as European
  nations established colonies.
• Fluctuated narrowly, constrained by famines and
  diseases.
• A and C.

4

• The Witchcraft Craze
• Witchcraft existed for centuries as a traditional
  village culture
• Medieval church connected witchcraft to the
  devil, making it an act of heresy
• Establishment of the Inquisition in the 13th
  century, increased prosecutions and executions
• Accusations against witches
• Allegiance to the devil
• Attended sabbats
• Use of evil incantations or potions

5

• Reasons for witchcraft prosecutions
• Religious uncertainty (areas of strife between
  Protestants Catholics)
• Social conditions old single women cut off from
  charity by the new emphasis on capitalism over
  communal interests became the scapegoats when
  problems arose
• Women as primary victims
• Most theologians, lawyers, philosophers
  believed women were inferior to men more
  susceptible to witchcraft
• Begins to subside by mid-seventeenth century
• Fewer judges were willing to prosecute accused
  witches
• A more educated populous questioned the old view
  of a world haunted by spirits

6
Possible Test Question

• The witch hunts of the sixteenth and seventeenth
  centuries
• Came out of the social unrest deriving from the
  shift from individualism to communalism.
• were often directed against old single women.
• Were generally directed only at people who denied
  that they were religious.
• Were primarily restricted to rural areas.
• Were minimal in comparison to the late Middle
  Ages.

7
The Thirty Years War (1618 1648)

• Background
• Religious conflict (militant Catholicism
  militant Calvinism)
• Secular, dynastic-nationalist considerations were
  more important
• Tensions in the Holy Roman Empire
• Most of the fighting took place in Germany, but
  it was a Europe wide struggle
• Conflict for European leadership
• Between Bourbon dynasty of France vs.
• Habsburg dynasty of Spain Holy Roman
  Empire
• Posturing for war (think alliance system)
• Frederick IV of Palatinate (Calvinist) formed the
  Protestant Union
• Duke Maximilian of Bavaria (Catholic) formed the
  Catholic League of German States
• Germany divided into two armed alliances along
  religious lines
• Holy Roman Emperors looked to relatives in Spain
  to help consolidate their authority in the German
  States
• German princes looked to Spains enemy France for
  support

8
The Bohemian Phase (1618-1625)

• Bohemian estates accepted Habsburg Archduke
  Ferdinand as their king
• Ferdinand set about re-catholicizing Bohemia
• Protestants rebelled in 1618, deposing Ferdinand
  electing Protestant ruler Frederick V of
  Palatinate (head of Protestant Union)
• Ferdinand is elected Holy Roman Emperor
  returned with the help of Maximilian of Bavaria
  the Catholic League
• Imperial forces Spanish retook Bohemia
  captured Palatinate by 1622

9
The Danish Phase (1625 1629)

• King Christian IV of Denmark intervened on the
  Protestant side
• Formed alliances with United Provinces England
• Christian IVs forces were defeated, ending
  Danish supremacy in the Baltic Sea
• Emperor Ferdinand II issued the Edict of
  Restitution (1629)
• Prohibited Calvinist worship
• Restored property to the Catholic church

10
The Swedish Phase (1630 1635)

• Gustavus Adolphus, King of Sweden enters the war
• Gustavuss army defeated imperial forces moved
  into central Germany
• Imperial forces defeat the Swedes at the battle
  of Nordlingen, ensuring that southern Germany
  would remain Catholic
• The emperor tried to use this victory to make
  peace by annulling the Edict of Restitution of
  1629
• The peace failed because the Swedes wished to
  continue fighting the French Catholics under
  Cardinal Richelieu were about to enter the war on
  the Protestant side

11
The Franco-Swedish Phase (1635 1648)

• Battle of Rocroi (1643) French defeat Spanish
  troops, ending Spains military greatness
• French defeat Bavarian Imperialist armies in
  Southern Germany
• War in Germany ends in 1648 but continues between
  the French Spanish until 1659

12
Possible Test Question

• The Thirty Years War
• Eventually involved every country in Europe and
  Asia.
• Is considered by most to be the first modern
  war.
• Is considered by most to be part of the larger
  Bourbon-Habsburg struggle.
• Was primarily fought in Spain.
• Was exclusively caused by religious differences.

13
Possible Test Question

• The event that sparked the Thirty Years War was
• A rebellion of Protestant nobles against the
  Catholic ruler Ferdinand in Bohemia.
• The invasion of France by Frederick IV.
• The Spanish conquest of the Netherlands and
  subsequent local enforcement of the bloody
  Inquisition.
• The overthrow of Spanish rule in Mesoamerica by
  Dutch pirates and privateers.
• Englands victory over the Spanish Armada.

14
Outcomes of the 30 year war

• Peace of Westphalia (1648)
• All German states were free to determine their
  own religion
• France Sweden gained territory
• Holy Roman emperor reduced to a figurehead
• Made clear that religion politics were now
  separate
• Social and economic effects
• Decline in German Population
• Some areas of Germany were devastated, others
  were untouched experienced economic growth
• Most destructive European war to date

15
Possible Test Question

• As a result of the Peace of Westphalia of 1648
• The German population was to be converted to
  Catholicism.
• All German states could choose their own
  religions, except for Calvinism.
• German states were allowed to determine their
  religion.
• The institution of the Holy Roman Empire was to
  be the ruling force in Germany for the next 100
  years.
• The Holy Roman Empire was dismembered.

16
Outcomes continued

• Peace of Pyrenees (1659)
• Ends the conflict between France Spain
• Spain becomes a 2nd class power
• France emerges as the dominant European nation
• Some historians feel the 30 years (1618-1648)
  should actually be called the 50 years war
  (1609-1659) stretching from the formation of the
  Protestant Union Catholic League to the Peace
  of Pyrenees

17
Map 15.1 The Thirty Years War
18
A Military Revolution?

• War and Politics in Seventeenth-Century Europe
  made it essential that a ruler had a powerful
  military
• New Tactics
• Battalions of infantry armed with pikes became
  superior to cavalry
• Gustavus Adolphus employed a standing army
  (conscripts) instead of mercenaries
• Mixed musketeers with pikemen effectively (volley
  of shots followed by a rush)
• Adolphus used a similar strategy with cavalry
• New Technologies
• Firearms, cannons, standing armies, mobile
  tactics
• The Cost of a Modern Military
• Heavier taxes making war an economic burden
• State bureaucracy grew and so did the power of
  state government

19
Possible Test Question

• The military revolution, or changes in the
  science and practice of warfare between 1550 and
  1650, saw armies
• Become more disciplined but less flexible.
• Align in units of blocks rather than lines.
• Abandon the use of cavalry.
• Change from mercenaries to conscripts for
  manpower.
• Change from conscripts to more reliable mercenary
  soldiers.

20
Rebellions

• Peasant Revolts (1590 1640)
• France, Austria, Hungary, Portugal and Catalonia
  experienced Peasant revolts
• France also had nobles revolt 1648 to 1652
• Russia (1641, 1645 and 1648)
• Peasant revolts in the cities
• Sweden, Denmark United Provinces
• Revolts involving clergy, nobles, workers
• Most revolts were due to the 30 Years War and
  discontent over government

21
Absolute Monarchy in France

• Absolutism sovereign power or ultimate
  authority in the state rested in the hands of a
  king who claimed to rule by divine right
• Foundations of French Absolutism
• Political Theorist Jean Bodin defined sovereign
  power as authority to
• Make laws, tax, administer justice, control the
  state determine foreign policy
• Bishop Jacques Bossuet wrote
• Politics Drawn from the Very Words of Holy
  Scripture God established kings so their rule
  was divine

22
Possible Test Question

• Absolutism means
• The real power in any state must be religious and
  exercised by the church.
• Ultimate authority rests solely in the hands of a
  king who rules by divine right.
• Subordinate powers have an absolute right to
  advise the king on conducting the affairs of
  state.
• No matter how humble, male citizens have an
  absolute right to participate in politics.
• Rule by a secular dictator, justifying his/her
  authority by supposedly serving the people.

23
Cardinal Richelieu (1624 1642)

• Cardinal Richelieu (1624 1642)
• Louis XIIIs chief advisor
• Initiated policies that strengthened the monarchy
• Eliminated political military rights of
  Huguenots (French Calvinists) but preserved their
  religious ones
• Transformed the Huguenots into more reliable
  subjects
• Eliminated noble threats to the crown
• Sent out royal officials (intendants) to reform
  strengthen the central government
• Richelieu ran the crown into debt
• Mismanagement of funds 30 Years War
  expenditures

24
Possible Test Question

• As Louis XIIIs chief minister, Cardinal
  Richelieu was most successful in
• Evicting the Huguenot presence from France after
  the La Rochelle rebellion.
• Expanding the political and social rights of the
  Huguenots.
• Creating a reservoir of funds for the treasury.
• Emerging victorious from the Fronde revolts of
  the nobility.
• Strengthening the central role of the monarchy in
  domestic and foreign policy.

25
Cardinal Mazarin (1642 1661)

• Cardinal Mazarin (1642 1661)
• Richelieus successor
• Louis the XIII died a few months later
• Louis the XIV inherited the crown at the age of 4
• Mazarin was Italian born, so he was resented
• The Fronde-Noble Revolt
• Nobles sided with Parlement of Paris-both opposed
  taxes levied to pay for 30 Years War
• 1st Fronde- Nobles of the robe (lawyers
  administrators) ended in compromise
• 2nd Fronde Nobles of the sword, (medieval
  nobles) was crushed as nobles began fighting
  amongst themselves
• After the Fronde ended, the people of France
  looked to the crown to provide stability

26
Possible Test Question

• The series of noble revolts known as the Fronde
  resulted in
• The assassination of Cardinal Mazarin in 1661.
• Renewed power for the Parlement of Paris.
• A unified noble army securing and increasing its
  own power.
• French citizens looking to the monarchy for
  stability.
• The reappearance of the Estates General as
  Frances law-making body.

27
The Reign of Louis XIV (1643 1715)

• Louis XIV took control of France at the age of 23
• Administration of the Government
• Domination and bribery
• Dominated the actions of ministers and
  secretaries
• Stacked the royal council with loyal followers
  from new aristocratic families
• Issued bribes to control provinces and the people
  who ran them
• Religious Policy One King, one law, one faith
• Edict of Fontainebleau (1685)
• Revoked the Edict of Nantes (1598)
• Destruction of Huguenot churches closing of
  Protestant schools
• Over 200k Huguenots left France, weakening the
  economy strengthening Protestant opposition to
  Louis in other countries

28
Possible Test Question

• Louis XIV restructured the policy-making
  machinery of the French government by
• Personally dominating the actions of his
  ministers and secretaries.
• Stacking the royal council with loyal followers
  from relatively new aristocratic families.
• Selecting his ministers from established
  aristocratic families.
• All of the above.
• A and B.

29
Possible Test Question

• Louis XIVs Edict of Fontainbleau
• Created new ranks of intendants to govern various
  regions of France.
• Revoked the earlier Edict of Nantes, curtailed
  the rights of French Protestants, and caused
  thousands of highly skill Huguenots to flee the
  country.
• Established new standards of court etiquette and
  was intended to diminish the power of great
  nobles.
• Removed most French bishops from their sees and
  replaced them with nobles to strengthen Louis
  control of the French Catholic Church.
• Moved the Estates General from Paris to
  Fontainebleau.

30

• Financial Issues
• Jean Baptist Colbert (1619 1683) (controller
  general of finances)
• Helped Louis avoid economic disaster
• Followed mercantilist approach decrease
  imports, increase exports
• Raised tariffs on imports causing tension with
  neighboring countries
• Tax burden still fell on the peasants

31
Possible Test Question

• The economic policies of jean-Baptiste Colbert,
  Louis XIVs controller general of finances
• Were noted for their innovation and originality.
• Used new accounting practices to take the tax
  burden off the peasants.
• Were based on the economic theory of mercantilism
  that stressed government regulation of economic
  affairs to benefit the state.
• Gave Louis the large surplus in the treasury
  needed to carry out his wars.
• Could best be described as laissez-faire.

32
Palace at Versailles

• Daily Life at Versailles
• Purposes of Versailles
• Intended to overawe subjects impress foreign
  dignitaries
• Housed royal officials princes
• Court life and etiquette
• Set the standard for European monarchies
• Princes nobles were arranged according to
  seniority
• Real purpose was to exclude them from power by
  including them in the life of the king at
  Versailles

33
Possible Test Question

• The costly palace built by Louis XIV, that became
  the envy of all European monarchs, was
• Fontainebleau.
• Versailles.
• Aix-la-Chapelle.
• Avignon.
• Mont St. Michele.

34
The Wars of Louis XIV

• The Wars of Louis XIV
• Professional army 100,000 men in peacetime
  400,000 in wartime
• Louis XIV waged war to insure French dominance in
  Europe and preserve the Bourbon dynasty
• Four wars between 1667 1713
• Invasion of Spanish Netherlands (1667-1668)
• Triple Alliance (English, Dutch Swedes) forced
  Louis to sue for peace (received a few towns in
  the Spanish Netherlands)
• Dutch War (1672-1678)
• Louis invaded the United Provinces leading
  Brandenburg, Spain, the Holy Roman Empire to
  form a coalition to stop him
• Received Franche-Comte from Spain
• Annexation of Alsace and Lorraine, occupation of
  Strasbourg (1679) led to new opposition.

35
Louiss Wars

• War of the League of Augsburg (1689 1697)
• Spain, The Holy Roman Empire, the United
  Provinces, Sweden, England formed the League of
  Augsburg
• Caused economic depression and famine in France
• Treaty of Ryswick ended the war causing Louis to
  give up most of the territory he had previously
  gained

36
Louiss Wars

• War of the Spanish Succession (1702 1713)
• Louiss grandson was set to inherit the Spanish
  throne, (Phillip V) scaring neighboring countries
  about a united Spain France
• Coalition of England, United Provinces, Habsburg
  Austria, the German states opposed France
  Spain
• Peace of Utrecht (1713)
• Confirmed Phillip V as ruler of Spain
• Affirmed thrones would remain separate
• Coalition gained French Spanish territory
• England emerges as a strong naval force, gaining
  territory in America from France
• Louis XIV died 2 years later, leaving France
  broke and surrounded by enemies.

37
Map 15.2 The Wars of Louis XIV
38
Possible Test Question

• The War of the Spanish Succession was effectively
  concluded with the Peace of Utrecht in 1713 which
  
• Gave the French king control of Spanish
  territories.
• Gave France control over the Spanish Netherlands,
  Naples, and Milan.
• Greatly benefited England, by then a strong naval
  power.
• Destroyed the European balance of power.
• Ended the independence of Spain, which was now
  under Bourbon rule.

39
The Decline of Spain

• Bankruptcies in 1596 and in 1607
• Phillip II
• Spent money on war
• Philip III (1598 1621)
• Spent money on court luxuries
• Allowed nobles to run the country (widespread
  corruption)
• Philip IV (1621 1665)
• Chief minister Gaspar de Guzman attempts reform
• Aimed at curtailing power of the Catholic Church
  and the aristocracy
• The Thirty Years War
• Expensive military campaigns
• Civil War
• The Netherlands lost

40
Absolutism in Central and Eastern Europe

• The German States
• The Rise of Brandenburg-Prussia
• The Hohenzollern Dynasty
• Frederick William the Great Elector (1640 1688)
• Army (standing army of 40K men)
• General War Commissariat to levy taxes
• Evolved into an agency for civil government
• Reinforced serfdom through concessions to the
  nobles
• Used Mercantilist Policies
• High tariffs, subsidies, monopolies
• Frederick III (1688 1713)
• Aided Holy Roman Empire in the War of Spanish
  Succession
• In return, he was granted the title King of
  Prussia (1701)

41
Possible Test Question

• Frederick William the Elector built
  Brandenburg-Prussia into a significant European
  power by
• Establishing religious uniformity in his kingdom,
  as evidenced in his eviction of the Huguenots.
• Freeing the peasants from the dominion of the
  nobles.
• Using his army whenever possible to gain his
  ends.
• Making the General War Commissariat the
  bureaucratic machine of his state.
• Allying Prussia with England and Russia against
  France and the Holy Roman Empire.

42
The Emergence of Austria

• Habsburgs
• Gave up hope of a German empire, turned to
  Eastern Europe
• Leopold I (1658 1705)
• Expands eastward
• Conflicts with the Turks
• Siege of Vienna (1683)
• Defeated Turks (1687) gained Hungary,
  Transylvania, Croatia, and Slovenia
• Gained Spanish territory in Netherlands and
  Northern Italy from the War of Spanish Succession
• Austria did not have a centralized government
  controlled by the monarchy. Instead they relied
  on loyalty from regional nobility.

43
Possible Test Question

• The Austrian Empire in the seventeenth century
• Was unified by linguistic and ethnic ties.
• Was defeated at Vienna by a Turkish army in 1687.
• Was a highly centralized, absolutist state under
  Leopold I.
• Lost a German empire, but gained one in eastern
  and southeastern Europe.
• Successfully expanded into Western Europe.

44
Italy From Spanish to Austrian Rule

• Defeat of the French in Italy by Charles V (1530)
• Allowed Italian rulers to stay in power as long
  as they acknowledged Spanish superiority
• Spanish Presence (1559 1713)
• Tightened control under Phillip IIs reign
• Consequences of the War of the Spanish Succession
  
• Austria gained Spanish possessions and began to
  influence Italy

45
Possible Test Question

• Which of the following exerted the most influence
  on Italy by the eighteenth century?
• France
• England
• Spain
• The Ottoman Empire
• Austria

46
Russia From Fledgling Principality to Major Power

• Ivan IV the Terrible (1533 1584)
• First Tsar
• Expanded territory eastward
• Extended autocracy of Tsar by crushing Russian
  nobility (boyars)
• Romanov Dynasty (1613 1917)
• National Assembly chose Michael Romanov as the
  new Tsar
• Stratified Society
• Tsar
• Landed aristocrats bind peasants to the land
• Surplus of land, shortage of workers
• Peasants and townspeople
• Tied to their land and businesses (highly
  repressive system of serfdom)
• Led to peasant revolts

47
Possible Test Question

• Russian society in the seventeenth century
• Witnessed the reign of Ivan the Terrible.
• Witnessed profound religious reforms in the
  Russian Orthodox church.
• Was characterized by a highly oppressive system
  of serfdom.
• Saw the rise of the merchant class to power.
• Saw the end of serfdom and the emergence of a
  prosperous free peasantry.

48
The Reign of Peter the Great (1689 1725)

• Visits the West (1697 1698)
• Seeks to modernize Russia
• Mostly technical
• Reorganizes armed forces
• Modernized military standing army of 210,000
• Created a navy
• Reorganizes central government
• Divides Russia into provinces
• Seeks control of the Russian Church
• Introduces Western Customs
• No spitting on floor or scratching oneself at
  dinner
• Cutting off beards and coats

49
The Reign of Peter the Great

• Positive Impact of Reforms on Women
• Upper class women were encouraged to mingle with
  men
• Women could choose who they wanted to marry
• Open a window to the West
• A port easily accessible to Europe
• Attacks Sweden
• Battle of Narva (1700)
• 8,000 Swedes defeat 40,000 Russians
• Great Northern War (1701 1721)
• Battle of Poltava (1709)
• Russian army defeats Swedish army
• Peace of Nystadt (1721)
• Russia gains control of Estonia, Livonia and
  Karelia
• St. Petersburg
• Window to the West (port in the Baltic Sea)
• New Russian capital

50
Possible Test Question

• Peter the Greats foreign policy had as its
  primary goal
• Opening of a port easily accessible to Europe.
• Destruction of the Ottoman Empire.
• Capture of the Scandinavian countries.
• Control of Constantinople and the Dardanelles.
• Conquest of Siberia.

51
The Winter Palace St. Petersburg, Russia
52
Map 15.5 Russia From Principality to
Nation-State
53
The Great Northern States

• Denmark
• Military losses
• 30 Years War Northern War with Sweden
• Bloodless revolution of 1660 (Denmarks Estates)
• Limited power of nobility
• Reestablished hereditary monarchy

54
The Great Northern States

• Sweden
• Christina (1633 1654)
• More interested in philosophy religion
• Abdicated the throne so she could become Catholic
• Charles XI (1660 1697)
• Defused potential peasant revolt against nobility
• Built Swedish monarchy into an absolute monarchy
• Charles XII (1697-1718)
• Brilliant general who got Sweden into to many
  wars
• Lost most of Swedens northern empire to Russia
• Sweden became a 2nd rate power after the Great
  Northern War

55
Possible Test Question

• Scandinavia in the seventeenth and eighteenth
  centuries witnessed
• Denmark expand so as to dominate the Baltic.
• Sweden become a second-rate power after the Great
  Northern War.
• Sweden and Denmark join forces to defeat and
  occupy Poland in 1660.
• The economic dominance of Sweden over the rest of
  northern Europe.
• The conquest of Sweden by Norway.

56
The Ottoman Empire

• The Ottoman Empire
• Suleiman the Magnificent (1520 1566)
• Attacks against Europe
• Pushed as far west as Vienna
• Advances in the Mediterranean
• Controlled most of the Mediterranean Sea until
  the Spanish navy defeated them at the battle of
  Lepanto
• Ottomans viewed as a European Power
• Capital city of Constantinople was the most
  populous European city
• New Offensives in the second half of the 17th
  century
• Ottoman Empire was viewed as the sleeping giant
  of Eastern Europe

57
Map 15.6 The Ottoman Empire
58
Limits of Absolutism

• The Limits of Absolutism
• Power of rulers not absolute
• Local institutions still had power
• Power of the aristocracy
• Limited Monarchy and Republics
• Poland, the Dutch Republic and England
• Poland - ruled by Sejm (two chamber assembly)
• Controlled by nobles who elected the king
• Poland lacked a strong central government
• weakened by warfare nobles protecting their own
  interests

59
Possible Test Question

• The political institution known as the Sejm made
  seventeenth-century Poland
• An absolutist, monarchical state dominated by
  King Sigismund III.
• A powerful militaristic machine threatening its
  neighbors.
• A land without powerful nobles.
• An impotent, decentralized state.
• A republic.

60
Golden Age of the Dutch Republic

• The United Provinces
• Officially recognized by the Peace of Westphalia
• Internal Dissension
• The House of Orange and the Stadholders
• The States General opposes the House of Orange
• Weakened calls for republican government until
  death of William III
• William III (1672 1702)
• Established a monarchy but it collapsed upon his
  death due to the fact that he didnt produce a
  male heir to the throne
• Involved in wars
• Undermined Dutch strength in trade
• Experienced a serious economic decline by 1715
• Life in 17th century Amsterdam
• Financial center of Europe
• City built up to accommodate the population
  growth
• Huge profits as an arms provider for foreign wars

61
Possible Test Question

• The Golden Age of the Dutch Republic in the
  seventeenth century witnessed
• William of Orange become king in 1672.
• The economic prosperity of the United Provinces
  ruined by a series of wars late in the century.
• The temporary weakening of the States General.
• A and C.
• All of the above.

62
England Constitutional Monarchy

• James I (1603 1625) and the House of Stuart
• Took over after Elizabeths death
• Claimed he ruled by Divine Right of Kings
• Parliament and the power of the purse
• Religious policies
• The Puritans controlled most of the lower House
  of Commons
• Charles I (1625 1649)
• Petition of Right
• Prevented any taxation without Parliaments
  consent
• Personal Rule (1629 1640) Parliament does
  not meet
• Charles I tries to collect taxes without
  Parliament
• Forced to call Parliament to raise tax money to
  fight Scottish rebellion
• Religious policy angers Puritans
• Charles I married a Catholic (Louis XIIIs sister
  Henrietta)
• Charles I calls Parliament and the members make
  changes to limit royal authority
• Charles I arrests radical members of Parliament
  and Parliament rebels starting the English Civil
  War

63
Possible Test Question

• The Petition of Right (1628), among other things,
  
• Stated that the King of England was elected.
• Maintained that the King could pass no new tax
  without the consent of Parliament.
• Restored order in the English military.
• Made the English monarchy purely ceremonial.
• Made the Anglican Church the established church.

64
Civil War (1642 1648)

• Oliver Cromwell
• New Model Army effective against Royalists
• Extreme Puritans who believed they were fighting
  for God
• 1st phase
• Charles I is captured after 1st Phase of Civil
  War (1646)
• Charles I escaped and got the Scotts to help
  invade England
• Charles I is captured, tried, executed (Jan.
  30, 1649)
• Parliament abolishes the monarchy
• Cromwell dissolves Parliament (April 1653)
• Cromwell divides country into 11 regions ruled by
  military
• Cromwell dies (1658)
• Army reestablishes the monarchy, Charles II

65
Restoration a Glorious Revolution

• Charles II (1660 1685)
• Reestablished Anglican church
• Parliament suspected he was Catholic because his
  brother James was
• Charles II passed Declaration of Indulgence
  (1672)
• Suspended laws passed by Parliament against
  Catholics and Puritans
• Parliament passed Test Act (1673) Only
  Anglicans could hold military and civil offices
• James II (1685 1688)
• Devout Catholic
• Issued new Declaration of Indulgence (1687)
• Protestant daughters Mary and Anne
• Catholic son born in 1688
• Parliament invites Mary and her husband, William
  of Orange, to invade England
• James II, wife and son flee to France

66

• Mary and William of Orange offered throne (1689)
• Bill of Rights
• Affirmed Parliaments right to make laws tax
• laid the foundation for a constitutional monarchy
• The Toleration Act of 1689
• Granted Puritans right to free public worship
• Ironically the Toleration Act still didnt
  tolerate Catholics

67
Possible Test Question

• The Glorious Revolution in 1688 in England was
  significant for
• Restoring Charles II and the Stuart dynasty to
  power.
• Bloodlessly deposing James II in favor of William
  of Orange.
• Returning England to a Catholic commonwealth.
• Parliaments establishment of a new monarch
  through a series of bloody wars.
• The abolishment of the monarchy in favor of a
  republican commonwealth.

68
Possible Test Question

• The incident that prompted the nobles to depose
  James II was
• His marriage to the Duchess of Orange.
• The death of his first wife.
• The birth of a Catholic son.
• A religious alliance with France.
• Economic collapse caused by the South Sea
  Bubble.

69
Responses to the Revolution

• Thomas Hobbes (1588 1679)
• Leviathan (1651)
• People form a commonwealth for protection
• People have no right to rebel
• Believed in strong government to maintain social
  order
• John Locke (1632 1704)
• Two Treatises of Government
• Inalienable Rights Life, Liberty and Property
• People form a government to protect their rights
• If government does not fulfill their social
  contract with the people, the people have the
  right to revolt

70
Possible Test Question

• Thomas Hobbes
• Felt that man was suited best to be in a pristine
  state of nature, without government interference.
• Stated that mankind was animalistic, and needed a
  strong government to maintain social order.
• Was a firm believer in democracy.
• Said that the best form of government was a
  theocracy.
• Argued in favor of revolution when the ruler
  broke the social contract.

71
Possible Test Question

• John Locke was responsible for
• Synthesizing previous doctrines on international
  law.
• The idea of society as being in a constant state
  of war.
• Advocating political democracy for the entire
  populace.
• Emphasizing the social contract between the
  people and government.
• Disestablishing the Church of England.

72
Flourishing European Culture

• The Changing Faces of Art
• Mannerism
• Early 16th century
• Broke away from balance and harmony of High
  Renaissance
• Art characterized by elongated human forms,
  suffering yearning for a religious experience
• El Greco was the most famous Mannerism artist
• Greek artist who studied in Italy painted
  churches in Spain

73
Laocoon by El Greco
74
Possible Test Question

• The artistic movement Mannerism reached its peak
  with the work of
• Fra Angelico.
• Bernini.
• Peter Paul Rubens.
• El Greco.
• Rembrandt.

75

• Baroque
• Replaced Mannerism, embraced by Catholic reform
  movement
• Used classical ideals of Renaissance to invoke an
  emotional response
• Peter Paul Rubens (1577-1640)
• Used violent motion, heavily fleshed nudes,
  dramatic light and shadows intense emotion in
  his paintings
• Gian Lorenzo Bernini (1598 1680)
• Architect sculptor
• Greatest figure of Baroque art
• Completed Saint Peters Basilica
• French Classicism and Dutch Realism
• French classicism emphasized clarity, simplicity,
  balance and harmony of design and rejected
  emotionalism of Baroque art
• Dutch Realism realistic portrayals of secular,
  everyday life
• Rembrandt van Rijn (1606 1699)

76
Possible Test Question

• The Baroque painter who used violent motion,
  heavily fleshed nudes, and dramatic use of light
  and shadow, and rich sensuous pigments in his
  paintings was
• Rembrandt van Rijn.
• Gian Lorenzo Bernini.
• El Greco.
• Artemisia Gentileschi.
• Peter Paul Rubens.

77
Possible Test Question

• The greatest figure of Baroque art was
• Rembrandt van Rijn.
• Gian Lorenzo Bernini.
• El Greco.
• Nicholas Poussin.
• David Caspar Friedrich.

78
The Baroque Trevi Fountain in Rome
79
A Wondrous Age of Theater

• Golden Age of Elizabethan Literature (1580
  1640)
• William Shakespeare (1564 1614)
• The Globe Theater
• Lord Chamberlains Company
• Spanish Theater
• Lope de Vega (1562 1635)
• Wrote 1500 plays about 1/3 survive
• French Theater (1630s to 1680s)
• Jean Baptiste Molière (1622 1673)
• The Misanthrope
• Tartuffe