Title: Personality%20Assessment
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2Personality Assessment
3Barnum Effect
- Peoples willingness to interpret vague, general
statements as personally meaningful
interpretations of their personality
4Why do we test?
- Tell us how much of a trait you have.
- Why do we test?
- 1) Clinical
- 2) Employment
- 3) Curiosity
5How do we test?
- 1) Create a test
- 2) Validate the test
- 3) Use the test
6Methods for creating a test
- Rational Method
- Projective Tests
- Factor Analytic Method
- Empirical Method
- Combination of Methods
7Rational Method
8- 1) Enjoy being reckless.
- 2) Take risks.
- 3) Avoid dangerous situations.
- 4) Seek danger.
- 5) Know how to get around the rules.
- 6) Would never make a high risk investment.
- 7) Am willing to try anything once.
- 8) Seek adventure.
- 9) Would never go hang-gliding or
bungee-jumping.
9- 1) Enjoy being reckless.
- 2) Take risks.
- 3) Avoid dangerous situations.
- 4) Seek danger.
- 5) Know how to get around the rules.
- 6) Would never make a high risk investment.
- 7) Am willing to try anything once.
- 8) Seek adventure.
- 9) Would never go hang-gliding or
bungee-jumping.
10Rational Method
- Straight forward and obvious items
- Most common method of test construction
- For this to work
- 1) Items must mean the same thing to subjects as
it does to the test creator - 2) Person must be able to self-assess
- 3) Person must be willing to self-assess
- 4) Items must be valid indicators of
characteristic
11Projective Tests
12Inkblots as projective stimuli
- The Rorschach
- Hermann Rorschach (1884 - 1922).
- 10 bilaterally symmetrical inkblots on separate
cards - 5 black and white.
- 2 black, white, and red.
- 3 multicolor.
13Inkblots Initial administration
- What might this be?
- Record response verbatim
- Include time until first response.
- Position of card, spontaneous statements,
nonverbal gestures or body movements.
14InkblotsInterpretation of scores
- Generate hypotheses based on patterns of
response, recurrent themes and interrelationships
among scoring categories
15Assumptions of Projective Tests
- Assumptions
- The more unstructured the stimuli, the more
examinees reveal about their personality. - Every response provides meaning for personality
analysis.
- There is an unconscious.
- Subjects are unaware of what they disclose.
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20Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
- Morgan and Murray (1935).
- Elicit fantasy material from patients in
psychoanalysis. - 31 cards
- 30 black white with scenes
- Describe story.
- 1 blank
- Imagine picture on card and tell related story.
21TAT Conclusions
- Based on
- Stories told by examinee.
- Clinicians notes
- Examinees response to the cards.
- Analysis of story requires special training.
22TAT Interpretation (cont.)
- Basic assumption
- Examinee is identifying with protagonist in the
story. - Examinees concerns, hopes, fears, and desires
are reflected in the protagonists needs,
demands, and conflicts. - That is, the examinees personality is projected
onto the protagonist.
23Projective Tests for Children
- The Adventures of Blacky the Dog
24Blacky Test
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28Other Projective Tests
- Draw a person test
- Draw a house test
- Word association
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30Factor Analytic Method
- 1) Name different makes of cars
- 2) In groups
- Imagine you work in a car lot and you must
organize these cars in some manner into 4
different groups - 3) Organize the cars and name the groupings
31Factor Analytic Method
- Done in 5 steps
- 1) Create many items
- 2) Give these items to many people
- 3) Correlate items together
- 4) Look for groupings of items
- 5) Name the groupings (i.e. factors)
32Factor Analytic Method
- Limitations
- Only as good as the items
- Sometimes get odd factors
- Still must name the factor (not done by the
computer)
33Factor Analytic Method
1) Automatically take charge. 2) Joke around a lot. 3) Turn plans into actions. 4) Stick up for myself. 5) Act wild and crazy. 6) Am always busy. 7) Follow a schedule. 8) Laugh my way through life. 9) Let myself go. 10) Express childlike joy. 11) Do a lot in my spare time. 12) Disclose my intimate thoughts. 13) Know what I want. 14) Like harmony in my life. 16) Try to lead others. 17) Am open about myself to others. 18) Can easily push myself forward. 19) Am deeply moved by others' misfortunes.
34Factor Analytic Method
Factor 1 Automatically take charge. Can easily push myself forward. Try to lead others. Turn plans into actions. Stick up for myself. Am always busy. Do a lot in my spare time. Know what I want. Factor 2 Act wild and crazy. Let myself go. Disclose my intimate thoughts. Laugh my way through life. Express childlike joy. Joke around a lot. Am open about myself to others.
Factor 3 Follow a schedule. Like harmony in my
life Am deeply moved by others' misfortunes.
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36Empirical Method
- I prefer a shower to a bath
- I sometimes tease animals
- I will sometimes wear a dress
- I like watching football
- I am happy
- I typically open doors for others
- As a child I liked playing with dolls
37Empirical Method
- Done in 3 Steps
- 1) Create items
- Items can be anything!
38Empirical Method
- 2) Administer the items to two groups
- Criterion Group
- Composed of people that possess the trait
- Control Group
- Composed of people that do not possess the trait
39Empirical Method
- 3) Select items that the two groups answered
differently
40Empirical Method
- Basic Logic
- Different kinds of people have distinctive ways
of answering certain questions. - If you answer questions the same way that members
of a diagnostic group did, you might belong to
that group too!
41Empirical Method
- Thus, the content of empirical items does not
matter - I sometimes tease animals
- Not depressed
- I have a great fear of snakes
- Prejudiced
- I do not enjoy detective stories
- Hospitalized hysterics
- I like tall women
- Impulsive males
- I gossip a little at times
- High IQ
42Empirical Method
- Difficult to fake
- Only as good as the groups they were created with
- Do other things make the groups different?
- May not generalize to other people in other areas
43Combination of Methods
- Commonly used
- Combine together
- 1) Rational method (come up with items that make
sense) - 2) Factor Analytic (select items that group)
- 3) Empirical Method (determine if items can
predict types of people)
44Methods for creating a test
- Rational Method
- Projective Tests
- Factor Analytic Method
- Empirical Method
- Combination of Methods
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46Basic Steps
- 1) Create a test
- 2) Validate the test
- 3) Use the test
47Statistics
48Correlation
49Positive Correlation
50Positive Correlation
51Positive Correlation
r 1.00
52Positive Correlation
.
.
.
.
.
r .64
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54Negative Correlation
55Negative Correlation
r - 1.00
56Negative Correlation
.
.
.
r - .85
.
.
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58Zero Correlation
59Zero Correlation
.
.
.
.
.
r .00
60Correlation Coefficient
- The sign of a correlation ( or -) only tells you
the direction of the relationship - The value of the correlation only tells you about
the size of the relationship (i.e., how close the
scores are to the regression line)
61EXCEL
62- Which is a bigger effect?
- r .40 or r -.40
- How are they different?
63Practice
- Do you think the following variables are
positively, negatively or uncorrelated to each
other? - Alcohol consumption Driving skills
- Miles of running a day speed in a foot race
- Height GPA
- Forearm length foot length
64STOP
65Interpreting a Correlation
- What does it actually mean in people words?
- Binomial Effect Size Display (BESD)
66BESD
- 200 subjects (all sick)
- Drug given to 100 of them
- At the end
- 100 live and 100 die
- If the effect of the drug was .00 what does
that mean?
67BESD
When r .00
Alive Dead Total
Drug 50 50 100
No Drug 50 50 100
Total 100 100 200
68BESD
- 200 subjects (all sick)
- Drug given to 100 of them
- At the end
- 100 live and 100 die
- What if the drugs effect was .40 what does that
look like?
69BESD
When r .40
Alive Dead Total
Drug 70 30 100
No Drug 30 70 100
Total 100 100 200
70BESD
Thus, if you take the drug you have a 70 chance
of living compared to only 30 if you do not take
the drug!
When r .40
Alive Dead Total
Drug 70 30 100
No Drug 30 70 100
Total 100 100 200
71BESD
- How to compute
- 200 subjects (all sick)
- Drug given to 100 of them
- At the end
- 100 live and 100 die
- Drugs effect was .30
72BESD
When r .30
Alive Dead Total
Drug 100
No Drug 100
Total 100 100 200
73BESD
1) Compute cell values if r .00
When r .30
Alive Dead Total
Drug 100
No Drug 100
Total 100 100 200
74BESD
1) Compute cell values if r .00
When r .30
Alive Dead Total
Drug 50 50 100
No Drug 50 50 100
Total 100 100 200
75BESD
1) Drop the decimal (30) 2) Divide by 2 (30 / 2
15) 3) Add to number in upper left cell (50 15
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When r .30
Alive Dead Total
Drug 50 50 100
No Drug 50 50 100
Total 100 100 200
76BESD
- Plug in value
- Compute other cell values
When r .30
Alive Dead Total
Drug 65 50 100
No Drug 50 50 100
Total 100 100 200
77BESD
- Plug in value
- Compute other cell values
When r .30
Alive Dead Total
Drug 65 35 100
No Drug 50 50 100
Total 100 100 200
78BESD
- Plug in value
- Compute other cell values
When r .30
Alive Dead Total
Drug 65 35 100
No Drug 35 65 100
Total 100 100 200
79BESD Practice
- Create BESDs for the following
- r .10
- r .55
- r .80