The Science of Marine Biology

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The Science of Marine Biology

• Marine Biology

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• Chapter 1 Outline
• The Science of Marine Biology
• The History of Marine Biology
• The Challenger Expedition
• The Growth of Marine Labs
• Marine Biology Today
• The Scientific Method
• Observation, the Currency of Science
• Two Ways of Thinking
• Induction
• Deduction
• Testing Ideas
• Constructing the Hypothesis
• The Nature of Scientific Proof
• Testing the Hypothesis
• The Scientific Theory
• Limitations of the Scientific Method
• Box Readings Eyes (and Ears) in the Ocean
• John Steinbeck and Ed Ricketts

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Chapter 1 Notes

• Marine Biology
• Definition is the scientific study of the
  plants, animals, and other organisms that live in
  the ocean.
• Practical Reasons to study marine biology.
• Its a vast source of human wealth.
• Provides food, medicine, and raw materials.
• Provides a source of money from recreation and
  tourism.

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Chapter 1 Notes

• The Science of Marine Biology
• It is not a separate science but rather the more
  general science of biology applied to the sea.
• Nearly all the disciplines of biology are
  represented.
• Scientists work on areas of marine biology as
  limited as a certain species of organism or as
  broad as studying whole ocean systems.

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Chapter 1 Notes

• The History of Marine Biology
• Humans have studied the ocean and its
  inhabitants since they first saw the ocean.
• Even the tomb of an Egyptian pharaoh bears a
  warning against eating a species of puffer fish.
• New skills in seamanship and navigation led to
  increased knowledge of the ocean and the
  organisms that live there.

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Chapter 1 Notes

• The History of Marine Biology
• Pacific Islanders had strange three dimensional
  maps of the Pacific Ocean made of shells and
  sticks.
• Phoenicians were the first accomplished Western
  navigators. By 2000 B.C. they were sailing around
  the Mediterranean Sea, Red Sea, eastern Atlantic
  Ocean, and Indian Ocean.

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Chapter 1 Notes

• The History of Marine Biology
• The ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle (300s
  B.C.) is considered by many to be the first
  marine biologist.
• He described many marine organisms.
• During the Dark Ages (500s- late 1300s) almost
  all the exploration of the oceans came to a halt
  in Western Europe.
• The Vikings and the Arabs continued to explore
  the world outside of Europe.

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Chapter 1 Notes

• The History of Marine Biology
• The Renaissance spurred many Europeans to
  explore the world beyond Europe.
• 1492 Christopher Columbus sailed to the New
  World.
• 1519 Ferdinand Magellan embarked on the first
  expedition to sail around the world.
• many other explorers helped to open up the
  unknown world to man.

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Chapter 1 Notes

• The History of Marine Biology
• 1768 The first real scientific expedition began
  with Captain James Cooks exploration of the
  oceans.
• He undertook 3 epic voyages to explore all of the
  worlds oceans.
• He was one of the first to make scientific
  observations along the way.
• He carried a full time naturalist along for the
  voyage.
• He was the first to use a chronometer.

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Chapter 1 Notes

• The History of Marine Biology
• In the 19th century it was common practice to
  carry a naturalist with every expedition to
  document the creatures and phenomenon a ship
  encountered.

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Chapter 1 Notes

• The History of Marine Biology
• Two ships and their voyages changed how marine
  biology was practiced in the mid 19th century.
• HMS Beagle
• HMS Challenger

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Chapter 1 Notes

• The History of Marine Biology
• HMS Beagle
• Sailed in 1831 from England on a 5 year
  expedition around the world.
• The ships naturalist was a man named Charles
  Darwin.
• Darwin used what he observed on the voyage to
  propose some radical new scientific theories.

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Chapter 1 Notes

• The History of Marine Biology
• Charles Darwin.
• He proposed the modern theory of evolution.
• He proposed a theory of atoll formation.
• It was not proven correct until the 1950s.
• He used very fine nets to capture plankton.
• He wrote a scientific paper (treatise) on
  barnacles that is still used today.

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Chapter 1 Notes

• The History of Marine Biology
• The HMS Challenger Expedition
• The Challenger Expedition claims the title of the
  world's first totally scientific oceanographic
  expedition.
• The expedition's mission, to gather detailed and
  consistent observations of oceanographic
  phenomena across as much of the ocean as
  possible.
• the ship "stopped" and collected data and
  samples at 362 stations "at intervals as nearly
  uniform as possible".
• The deepest depth recorded by the Expedition was
  located in the Marianas Trench, a place now known
  as the Challenger Deep. At this location, the
  scientists measured a depth of 26, 850 feet!

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Eye on Science Ocean Observing Systems pg 10

1. What is the limitation of satellites for
   observing the oceans?
2. List five technologies used in Marine Biology.
3. How do scientists envision we will observe the
   marine environment in the future?
4. Describe the H2O Observatory.
5. How long will it take for scientists to implement
   the new systems for observing the marine
   environment?
6. Evaluate the usefulness of these new systems.

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Chapter 1 Notes

• The Growth of Marine Labs
• 1826 Two Frenchmen pioneer the practice of
  observing sea life in the controlled conditions
  of a lab, Henri Milne Edwards, and Victor
  Andouin.
• The laboratory of the Marine Biological Society
  of the UK was founded in 1879.
• The Marine Biological Lab at Woods Hole, Mass.
  Was founded in 1888.

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Chapter 1 Notes

• Technology of Marine Biology
• Sonar-sound navigation ranging was introduced
  after World War II as an important tool of marine
  biology.
• Scuba-Invented in 1943 by Jacques Cousteau and
  Emile Gagnan. It stands for Self Contained
  Underwater Breathing Apparatus. It is limited to
  shallow water.
• ROVs- Remotely Operated Vehicles. They have
  greatly extended the depth at which humans can
  explore the ocean.
• Satellites- allow us to track many different
  conditions within the oceans. Salinity, temp,
  water clarity, algae growth, and pollution.

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The Scientific MethodChapter 1

• Marine Biology
• Mr. Swift

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Objectives

• Describe the Scientific Method.
• Explain the limitations of the Scientific Method.
• Discuss the role of ethics in the field of
  science.

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Figure 1.21
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