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1
In the mid-1800s, millions of Europeans come to
the United States hoping to build a better life.
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2
The Hopes of Immigrants
Why People Migrated
Emigrantspeople who leave a country
Immigrantspeople who settle in a new country
Most immigrants make voyage to America in
steerage
Steeragecheapest deck on ship, cramped
conditions, filthy
During mid-1800s, most immigrants come from
Europe
Chart
Continued . . .
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3
Continued Why People Migrated
People immigrate because of push-pull factors
Push factorsconditions that push people out of
their native lands
Pull factorsconditions that pull people toward
a new place
Continued . . .
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4
Continued Why People Migrated
Push factors include - agricultural changes,
landlords force tenants off land - crop
failures, farmers unable to pay debts, families
go hungry - Industrial Revolution puts many
artisans out of work - religious, political
turmoil causes religious persecution
Pull factors include freedom, economic
opportunity, abundant land
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5
Scandinavians Seek Land
Cheap land lures thousands of Scandinavians to
U.S.
Swedish government restricts emigration, later
cancels restrictions
In U.S., Scandinavians settle in Midwest,
become farmers
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6
Germans Pursue Economic Opportunity
Many Germans immigrate to Wisconsin good
climate for growing oats
Map
Also settle in Texas, found town of
Fredericksburg
Work as bakers, butchers, shoemakers,
carpenters in cities
Some German Jews work as traveling salespeople
Germans largest immigrant group of 1800s,
influence U.S. culture
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7
The Irish Flee Hunger
Most Irish immigrants are Catholic
Immigrate in early 1800s to escape poverty,
British mistreatment
In 1845, disease attacks Irelands potato crop
Causes faminea severe food shortage, forces
many to emigrate
In U.S., Irish become city-dwellers, few
skills, take low-paying jobs
Map
Compete with free blacks for backbreaking work
that no one else wants
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8
U.S. Cities Face Overcrowding
Immigrants, native-born Americans flock to
cities
Rapid urban growth causes housing shortage
Many people live in cramped, filthy apartment
buildings
Immigrant groups set up aid societies to help
newcomers
Politicians set up organizations to help
arrivals find housing, jobs
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9
Some Americans Oppose Immigration
Some native-born Americans fear immigrants will
not learn American ways
Others fear that immigrants will outnumber
natives
As a result, immigrants face anger, prejudice
Prejudicenegative opinion not based on facts
Continued . . .
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10
Continued Some Americans Oppose Immigration
Nativistsnative-born Americans who want to
stop foreign influence
Refuse to hire immigrants, vote for Catholics,
immigrants running for office
Start political party, Know-Nothing Party, in
1850s
Want to ban Catholics, foreign-born from
holding office
Want to cut immigration, have 21-year wait
period for U.S. citizenship
Elects 6 governors, then party quickly dies out
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11
Inspired by nature and democratic ideals, writers
and artists produce some of Americas greatest
works.
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12
American Literature and Art
Writing About America
American writers are influenced by romanticism
Romanticisminspiration from nature, stresses
individual, feelings
American writers celebrate American wilderness
James Fenimore Cooper writes adventure novels
set in the wilderness
Noah Webster publishes dictionary based on
American-style English (1828)
Henry Wadsworth Longfellows poetry celebrates
the American past
Depiction of Battle at Glenns Falls from The
Last of the Mohicans by James Fenimore Cooper.
Edition (1919) illustrated by N. C. Wyeth.
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13
Creating American Art
Valley of the Yosemite (1864), Albert Bierstadt.
American artists are influenced by romanticism
Hudson River school artists paint lush natural
landscapes
Albert Bierstadt paints majestic landscapes of
the American West
John James Audubon sketches American birds,
animals
Enslaved African Americans make baskets,
quilts, pottery
Enslaved African American David Drake signs the
pottery he makes
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14
Following Ones Conscience
Writer Ralph Waldo Emerson stresses
self-examination, nature
Henry David Thoreau writes about his life in
the woods in Walden (1845)
Emerson, Thoreau believe in transcendentalism
- spiritual world more important than physical
world - find truth through feeling, intuition
Portrait of Ralph Waldo Emerson, American
essayist and poet.
Continued . . .
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15
Continued Following Ones Conscience
Thoreau believes in following individual
conscience
Peacefully refuses to obey unjust laws
Uses non-violent protestcivil disobedience
Margaret Fuller argues for womens rights in
book, magazine
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Exploring the Human Heart
Walt Whitman writes unrhymed poems that praise
common people
Emily Dickinson writes poems about God, nature,
love, death
Whitman, Dickinson shape modern poetry
Edgar Allan Poes terrifying tales influence
modern horror stories
Nathaniel Hawthornes The Scarlet Letter about
love, guilt, revenge
Herman Melville writes novel, Moby Dick
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17
In the mid-1800s, several reform movements work
to improve American education and society.
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18
Reforming American Society
A Spirit of Revival
Second Great Awakeningrenewal of religious
faith, 1790s, early 1800s
Preachers speak at revivalsmeetings to
reawaken religious faith
Revivalist preachers claim that anyone can
choose salvation
Claim sin is selfishness, religious faith leads
people to help others
Such teachings awaken a spirit of reform
Chart
Americans believe they can make things better
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Temperance Societies
Temperance movementcampaign to stop alcohol
consumption
Heavy drinking is common in the early 1800s
Temperance workers hand out pamphlets, produce
plays
Temperance speakers get a million people to
promise to give up alcohol
Business owners support temperance, want sober
workers
By 1855, 13 states pass laws to ban alcohol,
most are repealed
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20
Fighting for Workers Rights
Factory work is noisy, boring, unsafe
Women mill workers start labor union
Labor unionworkers who ban together, get
better working conditions
Women go on strikestop work to get better
working conditions (1836)
Many other strikes follow depression hits
(1837), jobs are scarce
Labor movement falls apart, achieves a few goals
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21
Improving Education
Horace Mann heads first state board of
education in the U.S. (1837)
A few Northern cities start public high schools
Churches, other groups start many colleges
women cannot attend most
Illegal to teach enslaved person to read in the
South
Few colleges accept African Americans
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22
Caring for the Needy
Dorothea Dix pushes reforms for the care of
mentally ill
Thomas H. Gallaudet starts first American
school for the deaf (1817)
Samuel G. Howe starts Perkins School for the
Blind (1830s)
Reformers improve prisons - separate
children from main jails - call for
rehabilitation of adult prisoners
Dorothea L. Dix, American philanthropist and
reformer. Daguerreotype (about 18481849).
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23
Spreading Ideas Through Print
Cheaper newsprint, steam-driven press lowers
price of newspapers
Average Americans can afford to buy penny
papers
Contain serious news, gripping stories of fires
and crimes
Hundreds of new magazines appear
Ladies Magazine advocates education for women
Engraving from an American newspaper(1857) of a
fire in Chicago.
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24
Creating Ideal Communities
A group of Shakers. Engraving (1875).
Some people attempt to build an ideal
societyutopia
New Harmony, Brook Farm are two famous utopias
Experience conflicts, financial difficulties
last only a few years
Shakers set up a utopia, follow teachings of
Ann Lee - lead holy lives in communities - comm
unities show Gods love - share, not fight
Depend on converts, adopting children to keep
communities going
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The spread of democracy leads to calls for
freedom for slaves and more rights for women.
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Abolition and Womens Rights
Abolitionists Call for Ending Slavery
Abolitionmovement to end slavery, begins in
the late 1700s
Abolitionists demand a law ending slavery in
the South
Free African American David Walker urges slaves
to revolt
William Lloyd Garrison publishes an
abolitionist newspaper
Sisters Sarah, Angelina Grimké lecture against
slavery
John Quincy Adams introduces anti-slavery
amendment
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Eyewitnesses to Slavery
Frederick Douglass speaks about his own
experience of slavery
Publishes autobiography (1845), does lecture
tour, buys his freedom
Sojourner Truth flees enslavement, lives with
Quakers who free her
Wins court battle to recover her son, speaks
for abolition
The Fugitives Song songsheet cover depicting
Frederick Douglass fleeing from slavery (1845).
Composer, Jesse Hutchinson, Jr.
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28
The Underground Railroad
Underground Railroadaboveground escape routes
from South to North
Runaway slaves travel on foot, also take
wagons, boats, trains
Henry Brown escapes slavery by being packed in
a box, shipped North
Runaways usually travel by night, hide by day
in places called stations
Runaways traveling north on the Underground
Railroad to escape slavery. Illustration (about
1931).
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29
Harriet Tubman
People who lead runaways to freedom are called
conductors
Harriet Tubman is a famous conductor
Escapes slavery (1849), makes 19 journeys to
free enslaved persons
Enemies offer reward for her capture, is never
caught
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30
Women Reformers Face Barriers
Lucretia Mott, Elizabeth Cady Stanton attend
anti-slavery convention
Are not allowed to speak in public because they
are women
William Lloyd Garrison supports womens right
to speak
In 1800s, woman have few legal, political
rights
Stanton, Mott decide to demand equality for
women
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Elizabeth Stanton, Carrie Catt, and Lucretia Mott
commemorated on U.S. postage stamp (1948).
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The Seneca Falls Convention
Stanton, Mott hold Seneca Falls Convention for
womens rights (1848)
Declaration of Sentiments and Resolutions
states men, women are equal
Lists resolutions for womens rights including
suffragethe right to vote
Womens rights movement is ridiculed
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Continued Calls for Womens Rights
Sojourner Truth speaks for womens rights
Scientist Maria Mitchell starts, Association
for the Advancement of Women
Becomes first woman elected to American Academy
of Arts and Sciences
Susan B. Anthony builds womens movement into a
national organization
Supports laws that give married women rights to
own property, earn wages
By 1865, 29 states have laws that give women
property, wage rights
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