Motivation

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Motivation
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Motivation

• The forces that act on or within an organism to
  initiate and direct behavior

• A need or desire that energizes and directs
  behavior

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Motivation

• Activation initiation or production behavior
• Persistence continued effort to get something
• Intensity greater vigor of responding

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• Instinct Theories
• Motivation is innate and due to genetic
  programming
• Instincts are rigidly patterned throughout a
  species
• Animals display instinctive behavior patterns
  such as migration and mating behavior
• IE. Salmon returning to their birth place, birds
  migrating south for the winter

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Instinct

• A complex, inherited, unlearned behavior that is
  rigidly patterned throughout a species

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Instinct Motivation

• Examples of Instincts
• Rivalry Submission
• Sympathy Modesty
• Fear Secretiveness
• Shyness Repulsion
• Cleanliness Jealousy
• Food-Seeking Curiosity
• Sociability Combativeness
• Parental Love Hunting
• Mating Constructiveness

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Why does Jimmy get into a lot of fights?
Why is Sally so quiet and timid?
Why does Jane beat her children?
Why is Dave so overweight?
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Why do people do the things that they
do?(Instinct Theory)

• Why does Jimmy get into a lot of fights?
  Combativeness Instinct
• Why is Sally so quiet and timid? Shyness
  Instinct
• Dave is overweight and cant stop eating because
  of his food-seeking instinct.
• Jane beats and neglects her children because she
  wasnt born with a parental love instinct.

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Drives

• Aroused states of tension created by an imbalance
• Organism must reduce the drive to restore balance

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DRIVE REDUCTION THEORY

• Behavior is motivated by the desire to reduce
  internal tension caused by unmet biological needs

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Drive-Reduction Theory
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Drive-Reduction Theory
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Drive-Reduction Theory
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Drive-Reduction Motivation

• Homeostasis The body monitors and maintains
  relatively constant levels of internal states,
  such as body temperature, fluid levels, and
  energy supplies
• If any of these levels deviates very far from the
  optimal level, the body initiates processes
  (motivation) to bring the condition back to normal

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Homeostatic Regulation
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Homeostatic Regulation
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Homeostatic Regulation
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Homeostatic Regulation
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Homeostatic Regulation
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Homeostatic Regulation
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Homeostatic Regulation
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Homeostatic Regulation
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Homeostatic Regulation
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• Why did Jim steal the candy bar?

• Why did Carrie put on a sweatshirt?

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• Drive theories are inadequate
• many people strive to increase tension and
  physiological arousal

Such as by running a marathon or jumping out
planes
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Arousal Theory we are motivated to maintain an
optimal level of arousal

• When arousal levels get too low, a person might
  watch an exciting movie or go for a jog.
• When arousal levels get too high, a person looks
  for ways to relax such as meditating or reading a
  book.
• Arousal level can vary based on the individual or
  the situation.

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• Why does Jill take a nap after playtime?

• Why does Bill drive so fast on his way home from
  work?

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Incentive Theory

• Extrinsic Motivation
• Behavior is motivated solely by the pull of
  external rewards (reinforcement principal)
• or punishment

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Intrinsic Motivation

• Intrinsic motivation is when you are motivated by
  internal factors, to do something for its own sake

• Intrinsic motivation drives you to do things just
  for the fun of it, or because I believe it is a
  good or right thing to do.

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• Why did Dave kill Bill?

• Why did Janet swim laps in the pool every day
  after school?

• Why did Stanley study so much?

• Why did Cassie become a nun?

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Dont forget Freud.

• Psychanalysis - Motives come from the unconscious
  mind

• Eros your life instinct is the drive for
  survival, procreation and creativity
• continually at odds with your Thanatos
• Thanatos - is its opposite, your death
  instinct - the goal of all life is death
• people hold an unconscious desire to die which
  is exhibited by self-destructive behaviors.
  Often directed outward onto others, it is
  expressed as aggression and violence.

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Social Acceptance
MORE MOTIVATIONS

• Behaviors are motivated by the desire to
  increase our social acceptance and inclusion in
  social groups.

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Control
MORE MOTIVATIONS

• Motivation is driven by a need to control ones
  environment.
• to be decisive, assertive, and influence others
  for personal gain.

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Competition
MORE MOTIVATIONS

• Comparing your performance to others can enhance
  your self-esteem.
• This could determine your behavior in school, on
  the field or elsewhere

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Motivation

• Humanistic Theory
• People are motivated to satisfy a progression of
  internal needs, beginning with the most basic and
  moving towards the realization of personal
  potential
• Sound Familiar.?

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Abraham Maslow (1908-1970)

• Humanistic psychologist who developed the
  hierarchy of needs

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Humanistic Motivation

• Maslows Hierarchy of Needs

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• Why is Lisa so religious?

• Why did Eric join a gang?

• Why did Fred join the Peace Corps?

Hint - his other needs have been satisfied
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Specific Motivations

• Hunger
• Sex
• Achievement

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Hunger

• What physiological factors cause us to feel
  hungry?
• What psychological factors cause us to feel
  hungry?

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Hunger Physiological Factors

• Hypothalamus

Your bodys thermostat! Maintains HOMEOSTASIS

• Set-Point Theory the hypothalamus decides what
  signal to send based on a genetic metabolic rate
  (how quickly the body uses energy)

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Hunger Physiological Factors

• Lateral Hypothalamus part of the brain
  responsible for hunger

• Ventromedial Hypothalamus part of the brain
  responsible for stopping eating

The Hypothalamus receives and sends signals about
hunger
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Hunger Physiological Factors

• Glucose/Blood-Sugar Levels
• Glucose is the form of sugar that circulates in
  the blood and provides the major source of energy
  for body tissues.
• Low blood-sugar levels triggers hunger.
• Orexin
• Orexin is the hunger-triggering hormone secreted
  by the hypothalamus.

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Hunger Physiological Factors

• Leptin
• Leptin is a protein secreted by fat cells.
• An abundance increases your metabolism thus
  decreasing hunger.
• Too little, signals the brain to increase hunger.

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Hunger Physiological Factors

• Ghrelin
• Ghrelin is the hormone secreted by an empty
  stomach. It sends an Im hungry signal to the
  brain.
• PYY
• PYY is a digestive tract hormone that sends an
  Im not hungry signal to the brain.

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recap

• Makes you hungry
• Orexin
• Ghrelin
• Lateral Hypothalamus

• Makes you NOT hungry
• Leptin
• PYY
• Ventromedial Hypothalamus

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Hunger Psychological Factors

• Our eating habits are also controlled by external
  factors related to taste preferences, culture,
  media influences, convenience, moods, religion,
  etc.

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Hunger Psychological Factors

• Preferences - hot and spicy foods, while others
  enjoy sweets or salty foods.
• time periods - heaviness indicated wealth, so
  eating was/is encouraged.
• cultures - often enjoy dog, rat, and horse meat
  - eye of a camel is considered a delicacy.
• Religion - Hindus avoid eating beef

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Hunger Psychological Factors

• Mood - When you are happy you may eat certain
  foods, but when you are sad you may indulge in
  other foods.
• Supply - If there is an abundance or lack of
  grocery stores, fast-food drive-thru, and
  restaurant, eating habits may differ.
• Media - eating habits may change according to the
  current media portrayal of beauty especially with
  regards to young women.

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Hunger Psychological Factors

• The Garcia Effect Simply thinking about a
  certain food and its pairing with an unpleasant
  episode will curb your desire for that food
• IE. At the movies, your friend vomits popcorn
  all over the seat and your shoes. Popcorn no
  longer has an appeal to you.

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Hunger Psychological Factors

• Eating Disorders
• Anorexia Nervosa an eating disorder in which a
  normal-weight person diets and becomes
  significantly underweight, yet still feeling fat,
  continues to starve

• Bulimia Nervosa an eating disorder
  characterized by episodes of overeating,
  (binging) followed by vomiting, laxative use, or
  excessive exercise

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Weight Loss Trends

• In 2003
• 65 of U.S. citizens indicated they tried some
  form of weight loss or weight control
• 49 attempted to lose at least five pounds
• 16 attempted to maintain their weight
• Only 20 however, were "very" or "extremely"
  successful

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• one out of every one hundred young women between
  ten and twenty are starving themselves, sometimes
  to death. (1 have anorexia)
• four out of one hundred, college-aged women have
  bulimia.
• Only about 10 of people with anorexia and
  bulimia are male.

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• Without treatment, up to twenty percent (20) of
  people with serious eating disorders die.
• With treatment, that number falls to two to three
  percent (2-3).

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• Average woman
• 54 145 lbs. Size 11-14
  36/37-29/31-40/42
• Barbie
• 6 101 lbs. Size 4 39-19-33

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Overweight

• What motivates people to eat too much??

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Overweight

• Who to Blame?
• Genetics
• Population Trends
• Lifestyle
• High-Carb Diets
• Decline in Smoking
• Less Demanding Workplace
• Television
• Social Class

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Achievement

• Achievement Motivation refers to a desire for
  significant accomplishment for mastery of
  things, people, or ideas for attaining a high
  standard

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Achievement Motivation

• A desire for significant accomplishment
• A desire for the mastery of things, people, or
  ideas
• A desire for attaining a high standard

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Achievement

• Industrial-Organizational Psychology is the
  application of psychological concepts and methods
  to optimizing human behavior in the workplace
• Personnel Psychology focuses on recruitment,
  selection, placement, training, appraisal, and
  development of workers
• Organizational Psychology focuses on how work
  environments and management styles influence
  worker motivation , satisfaction, and
  productivity

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Achievement

• When applying achievement motivation to a
  workforce, managers generally chose one of the
  following
• Theory X workers will only work with benefits
  or threatened with punishment
• Theory Y workers have internal motivation to do
  good work and only need encouragement

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When Motives Conflict

• Sometimes you know exactly what to do in a
  situation, and sometimes the solution is unclear,
  you are confused, or knowing what you should do
  conflicts with what you want to do.

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• Approach-Approach Conflict
• This occurs when you have a choice between two
  desirable outcomes
• IE. Do I go to the rock concert or the ball
  game? Both are great choices.

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• Avoidance-Avoidance Conflict
• Occurs when you must choose between to
  undesirable outcomes
• IE. Do I clean my room first, or mow the lawn?

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• Approach-Avoidance Conflict
• A choice you are going to make has good and bad
  potential outcomes
• IE. You are lactose intolerant, but that ice
  cream cone on a hot day would be great.

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• Multiple Approach-Avoidance Conflicts
• You must choose between two or more things, each
  with good and bad outcomes
• IE. Time for college. College A has your major,
  but is too far from home. College B is less
  expensive, but has too many students.

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Developing Self Motivation

• Associate your high achievement with positive
  emotions
• Connect your achievement with your efforts
• Raise your expectations

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Motivating Others

• Cultivate intrinsic motivation
• Attend to individual motives
• Set specific, challenging goals
• Choose an appropriate leadership style
• Task leadership
• Social leadership

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