CH. 8 ARRIVAL IN CANADA

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CH. 8 ARRIVAL IN CANADA
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THE VIKINGSTHE FIRST EUROPEANS

• Based out of Scandinavia (Sweden, Norway,
  Denmark)
• Prior to 1000AD very warlike - set out to claim
  new land riches.
• Leif Erikson to Newfoundland
• Conflicts with Natives caused them to leave.

Were the Vikings the first? Bering
Strait Irish Monk
LAnse aux Meadows
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1450-1600THE AGE OF EXPLORATION

• Powerful monarchs to explore The New Worlds for
  legendary riches.
• 1492 Columbus sails the Ocean Blue
• Trying to find a new route to Asia for Spain.
• Soon Portugal, England, France were all trying
  to find the Northwest Passage.

Columbus
Northwest Passage
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FIVE MAIN REASONSEUROPEANS CAME TO NORTH AMERICA

• FISH
• FUR
• RELIGION
• FARMING
• PROFIT
• -LUMBER/MINERALS

GRAND BANKS
MISSIONARIES
BEAVER
FOOD/LAND TOBACCO
OAK
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NORTH AMERICA

• Eventually the exploring countries would lay
  claim to most of North America
• Spain South.
• England North and East coast.
• France St. Lawrence River region.

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DRAINAGE BASINS
Highlands/Divides of N. America Rocky Mtns /
Laurentian Highlands / Appalachians

• Drainage Basins

European Possesions
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FRENCH EXPLORERS
Cartier
Verrazano

• Verrazano sent first proved N.A. continent
  not a series of islands as hoped.
• Ten years later, Cartier sent on second trip
  ventured up the St. Lawrence using Iroquois
  guides.
• Kidnapped these guides and returned home.
• Returned to establish settlement but
• relations with Iroquois
• strained
• -returned home with GOLD
• (Fools Gold).
• First colony failure!!

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THE START OF THE FUR TRADE

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130
FAIR ???
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THE FOUNDING OF NEW FRANCE

• SAMUEL DE CHAMPLAIN
• 1605 Port Royal gt abondoned 1607
• Soon to be renamed Acadia.
• 1608 Quebec City
• Chosen for high cliffs - protection.
• Allied with the Algonkians
• Montagnais against the Iroquois.
• The Deal - do not trade with the English.
• Later allied with the Huron as better
• traders.
• Created an uneasy relationship with the
• Algonkians and Montagnais.

Father of Quebec
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THE PEOPLE OF NEW FRANCE

• The Company of Hundred Associates.
• Required to bring settlers to Canada.
• Establish seigneuries - feudal manors
• Jesuits
• To bring Catholicism to the Natives.
• Go anywhere - do whatever it takes.
• Coureurs De Bois
• The muscle of the fur trade - went to the source
• Officially illegal - often bribed officials.
• 13 Colonies
• The East Coast English Colonies.
• Competed with the French.

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THE PEOPLE OF NEW FRANCE(continued)

• Radisson Groseilliers
• French Coureur De Bois who turned to the English
  to utilize Hudsons Bay.
• Talon Jean - The Intendant
• Chief administrator to govern the local people
  (soldiers, bishop, peasants, filles du roi, etc.
• Frontenac
• First governor of the French colony.
• Habitant
• Peasant farmers given land for fees and service -
  feudalistic.
• Lived on the seigneury.

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CANADA MOVES WEST
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REASONS TO MOVE WEST
Canadian Beaver 1
Felt Hat Social Status
Made Beaver (MB)
1 Musket 12 Made Beaver (MB) 4.5L
Brandy 1 MB 2 Hatchets 1 MB
1 Blanket 1 MB 1 White Fox
Pelt 1/3 MB
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BRITISH NORTH AMERICAThe Fur Trade

• HBCo.
• Paid by salary
• Stay ay at the Bay policy
• Discouraged alcohol
• Discouraged fraternization
• Better quality goods
• Oldest continuous Co. in
• the world.

• NWCo.
• -Paid by commission
• Go to the source policy
• Aggressive trade policy
• Encouraged marriages
• More expensive goods

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RIVALRY AND CONFLICT

• FRENCH
• Catholic
• Hurons
• Quebec
• Pop. 85, 000
• St. Lawrence
• La Salle first???
• Forts / Buried
• Plates
• 1 yr. truce

• ENGLISH
• Protestant
• Iroquois
• 13 Colonies
• Hudsons Bay
• Pop. 1 Million
• G. Washington
• Forts / Settlement

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SEVEN YEARS WAR1756-1763

• Canada started in 1754 (9Yrs. War ???)
• Great War For Empire
• Not just a North American War
• First world war - France Vs.England
• Spices East Indies
• Sugar West Indies
• Fish, fur, and agriculture
• in North America

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THE LAST BATTLE WOLFE VS. MONTCALM
WOLFES COVE
PLAINS OF ABRAHAM
LOUISBOURG
QUEBEC
ACADIA
13 COLONIES
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THE LAST BATTLE

• ENGLISH
• Strong navy
• Captured Louisbourg
• Fr. corrupt officials
• Acadians expelled
• Controlled St. Lawrence

• FRENCH
• Desperate
• Knew St. Lawrence
• Quebec fortified/cliffs
• Skilled warfare

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THE EXPLORERS
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AFTER THE FALL OF QUEBEC

• England won and France lost all possessions.
• ROYAL PROCLAMATION
• Pontiac united the Natives and rebelled against
  the English.
• Royal Proclamation kept English out of Ohio River
  Valley.
• QUEBEC ACT
• Kept French language
• Recognized the Catholic Church
• Kept French law system
• Increased French boundaries (Ohio R.
• Valley)

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THE AMERICA REVOLUTION
The American people risked everything and
received - Royal Proclamation - no Ohio R.
Valley - Quebec Act - French all rights -
Stamp Act - Tax on everyday goods Boston Tea
Party - Quartering Act - House British soldiers
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THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR

• 1774 Americans stock piled
• weapons.
• 1775 one shot (???) started it all.
• French Canada supported England.
• France supported America.
• 1776 Thomas Jefferson American Declaration of
  Independence.
• Loyalists - Americans who
• sided with England
• Many moved to Canada
• Would give rise to Upper Canada.
• Patriots - persecuted the
• Loyalists.

T. Jefferson
Upper / Lower Canada
UPPER LOWER CANADA
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BRITISH NORTH AMERICA

• THE CONSTITUTIONAL ACT 1791
• Divided Quebec into Upper Lower Canada
  (Ontario/Quebec)
• Each had own govt. but governor could veto.
• Catered to the wealthy.
• Would eventually give rise to the rebellions of
  1830.

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PIONEERS OF UPPER CANADA

• By 1815 Upper Canadas population went from 10
  000 to 95 000 (1850 4x)
• The French became worried.
• Voyage from England dreadful ie. Cholera
• Black Loyalists escaped to Can. for land
  freedom (100 000)
• Simcoe first governor.
• Roads, native alliances, urged less slavery,
  established a militia -gt all designed to protect
  Canada from the Americans.

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WAR OF 1812

• REASONS FOR WAR
• Brt.- U.S. relations strained.
• Canada closest thing to Brt.
• Lost trade with Brt. Empire.
• Britain at war with France.
• Brt seized U.S. ships going to France.
• Brt. Felt U.S. threat to fur trade.
• BNA pop. 500 000 U.S.A. 8 million
• Maddisons War Hawks promoted war against Canada.
• Saw Brt. support of natives as hostile.
• NOTE - New England wanted no war -gt trade!!

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THE WAR OF 1812

• Had the Americans been united they probably would
  have won.
• Ie New England opted out as wanted trade.
• Brock Tecumseh led Canada to early victories
  and convinced many to remain loyal.
• Highlights - Laura Secord,
• Canada burns Washington
• Brt. sends more troops after Napoleon defeated.
• Last major invasion of Canada.
• Canada defeats the U.S.A.

Brock Tecumseh
Laura Secord
Can. burns Washington