Myers

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Myers PSYCHOLOGY (7th Ed)

• Chapter 7
• States of Consciousness
• James A. McCubbin, PhD
• Clemson University
• Worth Publishers

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Ch. 7 Consciousness Waking Consciousness
Consciousness our awareness of ourselves our
environments

• Focused concentration
• Novel (new) things require more focus
• 3 Levels of info processing
• Consciousness,
• Subconscious as see something, we also process
  things we arent aware of (color, shape, etc.)
• Unconscious Freud

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Freud (froid) Personality Structure
Superego, Ego, and the Id

• Freuds idea of the minds structure Iceberg
  analogy
• Conscious what we are aware of
• Preconscious (aka subconscious) just at or
  below the surface
• Unconscious below the surfacewhat we hide from
  ourselves

Superego
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Freuds iceberg of personality
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• Daydreams/fantasies Secret Life of Walter
  Mitty
• We identify w/ this b/c we all daydream
• Daydreams can be adaptive can let out impulsive
  behavior in fantasy rather than real life
• Fantasies
• Young tend to have sex fantasies more men do
  way more than women it is not frustration
• Sleep Dreams
• Biological Rhythms ANY periodic physiological
  fluctuations (ups downs)annual28 day24 hr.
  90 min. --see PMS p. 270
• This keeps our biological clock .. one kind
  is circadian rhythm

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• Circadian Rhythm (around a day)
• regular bodily rhythms that occur on a 24-hour
  cycle, like in wakefulness body temperature,
  eliminating wastes, etc.
• 2 major ways to disrupt cir. rhythm
• 1) shift work 2) long flights (jet
  lag)
• Entrainment trained to follow schedules do
  things at certain times...
• potty? baby sleeping thru night?
• Suprachiasmic nucleus (SCN) neural center of
  the hypothalamus when light hits it, it alters
  production of chemicals like melatonin (mfgr. by
  pineal gland)
• It affects our sleep patterns

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Premenstrual Syndrome Many do have this, but
many more seem to be perceiving it more than
actually showing itnotice it more at that time
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Recalled mood is worse than earlier reported
Negative mood score
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Premenstrual Menstrual Intermenstrual
Menstrual phase
Recalled mood
Actual
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Sleep and Dreams

• Sleep periodic, natural, reversible loss of
  consciousness
• REM (Rapid Eye Movement) Sleep a recurring
  sleep stage vivid dreams, more frequent dreams
• a.k.a. paradoxical sleep b/c muscles are
  generally relaxed, but other body systems are
  active
• Although theres more eye movt., theres less
  physical movt. b/c of paralysis

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Sleep Dreams HOW sleep is studied

• Measuring sleep activity
• Eye movt. (REM) EMG (neck/jaw muscle movt.)
  EEG

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Brain Waves Sleep Stages

• Alpha ? Theta Waves
• slow waves of a relaxed, awake brain
• Sleep Spindles
• Delta Waves
• large, slow waves of deep sleep
• Hallucinations
• false sensory experiences

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Stages in a Typical Nights Sleep Stg. 4
(then 3) decreases, REM increases as night goes
on
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• Another view of the sleep cycle

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Why Do We Sleep?

• Variations in sleeping patterns
• Cultural influences
• Sleep debt

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Stages in a Typical Nights Sleep
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Sleep Deprivation (sleep debt or dep.)

• Effects of Sleep Loss
• fatigue
• impaired concentration
• depressed immune system
• greater vulnerability to accidents
• More susceptible to drugs effects
• Extreme loss can hallucinations later death

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Sleep DeprivationNote the values not the same,
but still statistically significant
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Why Do We Sleep?The Effects of Sleep Loss
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Why Do We Sleep?The Effects of Sleep Loss
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Sleep Disorders

• Insomnia (279 how to treat)
• persistent problems in falling or staying asleep
• Usually get more than you think you do, but those
  who complain do get less
• Narcolepsy
• uncontrollable sleep attacks
• Usually genetic causes (heritable)
• Usually lasts less than 5 min. often go
  straight to REM sleep
• Sleep Apnea
• temporary cessation of breathing
• momentary re-awakenings
• Causes overweigt, heart, respiratory alcohol
  use can trigger/contribute,

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Night Terrors (Stg. 4) Nightmares (REM)

• Night Terrors
• occur within 2 or 3 hours of falling asleep,
  usually during Stage 4
• high arousal-- appearance of being terrified
  sweating, crying out, shaking, etc
• often very unclear
• Sleep-walking (somnambulism) talking also
  more likely in stg. 4
• Both usually go away as we get older

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• Dreams
• sequence of images, emotions, and thoughts
  passing through a sleeping persons mind
• hallucinatory imagery
• discontinuities
• incongruities
• delusional acceptance of the content
• difficulties remembering
• Nightmares usually in REM sleep, more defined
  than night terrors ?stage 4

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Incubus succubus in medieval beliefs Stealing
a soul in the nighttime
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Dreams Freud

• Sigmund FreudFamous book
• The Interpretation of Dreams (1900)
• wish fulfillment
• discharge otherwise unacceptable feelings
• accesses the unconscious hopes desires
• Manifest Content
• remembered story line
• Latent Content
• underlying meaning
• Freud said most was erotic wishesEX guns ?
• Freud saw dreams as a gateway to the
  unconscious, that part of ourselves we hide from
  even us

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Dreams What We Dream

• Dreams
• Manifest content
• Latent content

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• New theories as to why we dream
• As Info Processing
• Helps facilitate memories sift, sort, fix
  days experience into memory
• Dreaming to rememberlearned task better if you
  sleep
• Students sleep bulimia (binges) Why is it
  NOT an effective way to sleep? (Grades A B
  students vs. C, D, F?)
• Physiological functions random neural activity
  happens, we try to organize it into some
  story-lineto make sense of it...
• -This is activation synthesis dreams are
  brains interpretation of its own activity
• --since limbic system is involved in sleep,
  can get emotional sexual also

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Why Do We Sleep? Sleep Theories

• Sleep theories
• Sleep protects In prehistoric times, sleep
  meant we would not be out at night-timeso we
  survived
• Sleep helps recuperation Restores repairs
  brain tissues resting neurons repair unused
  connections weaken
• Memory storage Restores/rebuilds experiences of
  the day into memoriesLEARNING!
• Sleep and creative thinking Can sometimes solve
  issues and/or problems have been working
  onSleep on it
• Sleep and growth pituitarys growth hormone
  secreted during sleep

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DreamsWhy We Dream

• To satisfy our own wishes
• To file away memories
• To develop/preserve neural pathways
• To make sense of neural static
• To reflect cognitive development
• REM rebound

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Critical Considerations Does not address the
neuroscience of dreams.
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• REM Rebound trying to catch up
• -REM sleep increases following REM sleep
  deprivation
• -causes functions are deeply biological
• -Researchers agree we need REM sleep (which
  animals have REM?)
• -biological vs. psychological?
• -dreams the abstract?

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Sleep Across the Lifespan
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• Hypnosis
• A social interaction in which one person (the
  hypnotist) suggests to another (the subject)
  that certain perceptions, feelings, thoughts, or
  behaviors will spontaneously occur
• Un-hypnotized persons can also do this ? ?

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Facts and Falsehoods

• Can Anyone Experience Hypnosis?
• Postural sway
• Susceptibility
• Can Hypnosis Enhance Recall of Forgotten Events?
• Age regression
• Can Hypnosis Force People to Act Against Their
  Will?
• Can Hypnosis Be Therapeutic?
• Hypnotherapists
• Posthypnotic suggestion
• Can Hypnosis Alleviate Pain?

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Hypnosis

• Posthypnotic Amnesia supposed inability to
  recall what one experienced during hypnosis
• induced by the hypnotists suggestion
• Posthypnotic Suggestion
• suggestion to be carried out after the subject is
  no longer hypnotized
• Post-hypnosis amnesia?
• Used by some clinicians to control undesired
  symptoms behaviorspain control
  gate-control theory
• Memory hypnosis? a suggestion, made during a
  hypnosis session, to be carried out after the
  subject is no longer hypnotized used by some
  clinicians to help control undesired symptoms and
  behaviors.

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What hypnosis is and what it is NOTWhat it CAN
help what it CANNOT help

• DOES works well w/ pain control AND
• DOES work well for some in controlling eating to
  help w/ obesity
• It will NOT lead ppl to act uncontrollably be
  dangerously manipulated by others
• Is NOT generally dangerous (Some ppl have
  believed get there cannot get back)
• NOT particularly good with controlling alcohol,
  nicotine, other drug addictions
• Does NOT increase accuracy of memory in fact
  can lead ppl to accept false memories

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Major theories of Hypnosis

• First to study try to scientifically sort thru
  hypnosis was Hilgard at Stanford Univer.
  (1930s)
• Hidden Observer Hilgards term describing a
  hypnotized subjects awareness of experiences,
  such as pain, that go unreported during hypnosis
• Divided Consciousness Theory Dissociation of
  consciousnesswe separate ourselves out..
• Think of day-dreaming in a classyou KNOW you are
  in classbut you go somewhere else
• Dissociation pain
• a split in consciousness
• This allows you to close out the pain
  stop feeling it on one level
• allows some thoughts behaviors to occur
  simultaneously w/ others
• Selective Attention pain? Remember this aspect?

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• Hypnosis Social Roles or Social expectations
• We respond as we think a hypnotized subject
  would respond
• Social Influence Theory Just like demon
  possession D.I.D. instances, a strong
  expectation of behavior CAN affect ppl
  psychologically
• (Think of the Zimbardo Stanford Prison
  study)
• Orne Evans (1965)
• control group instructed to pretend
• Un-hypnotized subjects performed same acts as the
  hypnotized ones
• Biopsychosocial Aspect of Hypnosis
• The social aspects (expected behaviors)--suggest
  iveness of a social role.how we should act
• Psychological aspects EX selective
  attention
• Biological aspects of pain (gate control
  theory? Endorphins block pain sensation?)

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Explaining the Hypnotic State

• Hypnosis as Divided Consciousness
• Hilgard Hypnosis Dissociation
• Unified account of hypnosis
• Hypnosis as a Social Phenomenon
• Good hypnotic subjects
• Social
• influence
• theory

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Levels of Analysis for Hypnosis
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Explaining Hypnosis
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Psychoactive drugs

• A chemical substance that alters perceptions
  mood

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Drugs and Consciousness

• Physical Dependence
• physiological need for a drug
• marked by unpleasant, physical withdrawal
  symptoms
• Psychological Dependence
• a psychological need to use a drug
• for example, to relieve negative emotions like
  depression, anger, anxiety, etc.

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Dependence Addiction

• Tolerance
• diminishing effect with regular use
• So you need more to get the same effect as b4
• Withdrawal
• discomfort distress that follow discontinued
  use
• Can be physical or psychological

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Psychoactive Drugs (p. 301, t)
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Categories of Psychoactive Drugs

• Depressants
• drugs that reduce neural activity
• slow body functions
• alcohol, barbiturates (Valium, etc.), opiates
• alcohol is the single most abused drug in
  western cultures
• Stimulants
• drugs that excite neural activity
• speed up body functionsheart, breathing, etc.
• caffeine, nicotine, amphetamines, cocaine
• Hallucinogens
• psychedelic (mind-manifesting) drugs that distort
  perceptions evoke sensory images in the absence
  of sensory input (hallucinations)

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• Hallucinogens
• Psychedelic (mind-manifesting) drugs that
• distort perceptions
• evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory
  input (hallucinations)
• Marijuana A mildly hallucinogenic drug from the
  cannabis plant
• THC the major active ingredient in
  marijuana triggers a variety of effects,
  including mild hallucinations.
• (tetrahydrocannabinol)
• LSD a powerful hallucinogenic drug also known
  as acid (lysergic acid diethylamide)
• Peyote a hallucinogenic plant, a cactus
  sometimes used in religious ceremonies for
  certain Native American culture groups

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Psychoactive Drugs Stimulants

• Stimulants
• Amphetamines
• Methamphetamine (speed)
• Crystal meth
• Caffeine

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Psychoactive Drugs

• Amphetamines
• drugs that stimulate neural activity, causing
  speeded-up body functions and associated energy
  and mood changes
• Methamphetamine a powerfully addictive drug
  that stimulates the central nervous system, with
  sped-up body functions and associated energy and
  mood changes
• Over time, appears to reduce baseline dopamine
  levels.
• Barbiturates
• drugs that depress the activity of the central
  nervous system, reducing anxiety but impairing
  memory and judgmentaka tranquilizers
• Opiates opium its derivatives (morphine and
  heroin)
• opiates depress neural activity, temporarily
  lessening pain anxiety
• Which neurotransmitter do they mimic? ( that
  makes it an a___?___)

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Opiates

• Opium its derivatives (especially morphine
  and heroin)
• Opiates depress neural activity, temporarily
  lessening pain anxiety (depressant)
• Which neurotransmitter do they mimic? ( that
  makes it an a___?___)
• Newer and very addictive forms prescription
  derivatives drugs like
• Hydrocodone (Lorcet, Lortab, Norco, Vicodin),
• Codeine (only available in generic form)
• Fentanyl (Actiq, Duragesic, Fentora)
• Hydromorphone (Dilaudid, Exalgo)
• Meperidineused to treat schizophrenia
  (Demerol)
• Methadoneused to treat heroine addiction
  (Dolophine, Methadose),
• Morphineused by hospitals to eleviate major pain
  like post-surgery (Avinza, Kadian, MS Contin,
  Ora-Morph SR),
• Oxycodone (OxyContin, Oxyfast, Percocet,
  Roxicodone)

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Cocaine Euphoria Crash
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• Ecstasy MDMA, or X, or
• 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine,
• Produces a euphoric state without hallucinations.
  
• Not a substitute for anti-depressants, because of
  its ability to lift the user's moodbut may have
  more intense depression after taking it
• mild hallucinogen releases dopamine
• You Can Die! Usually from heat stroke brought on
  by extended periods of dancing without
  replenishing body fluids.
• Other dangers liver damage, irregular heartbeat,
  decreased memory and learning abilitysome
  research shows 1 use holes in brain, i.e.,
  damage
• mixing worse effects

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• LSD lysergic acid diethylamide, a.k.a. acid
• a powerful hallucinogenic drugeuphoria,
  detachment, panic?
• THC delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol
• the major active ingredient in marijuana (most
  abused illegal drug) teen use is up somewhat
• triggers a variety of effects, including mild
  hallucinations
• May allow your body to become addicted faster to
  coke or heroingate-way drug..

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Psychoactive DrugsStimulants - Cocaine
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Dependence Addiction Misconceptions About
Addiction

• Addiction physiological or psychological
  dependence on a drug
• Compulsive craving, despite adverse
  consequences
• Worldwide, over 90 million are addicted to
  alcohol /or other drugs
• Myths
• Addictive drugs quickly corrupt Not all ppl
  have same tendency to become addicted
• Addictions cannot be overcome voluntarily without
  therapy If seen as a disease, some may feel
  they cannot overcome it
• some benefit greatly from therapy and/or
  support groups, but some CAN
• The concept of addiction applies to all
  pleasure-seeking behaviors addicted to working
  out?
• Nah. But for some gambling playing even
  video games .show dysfunctional resistance to
  control

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Psychoactive Drugs Depressants - Alcohol

• Disinhibition An angry person becoming
  aggressive big spenders may leave excessively
  high tips.risky behaviors increase
• Slowed neural processing Reaction time
• Memory disruption
• Expectancy effectswe allow ourselves to be
  drunk
• Reduced self-awareness self-control
• Alcohol Sex The Perfect Storm Men become
  more sexually aggressive women more prone to
  casual sex
• Regarding SEVERAL of these aspects More than
  50 of convicted rapists who were surveyed
  admitted to using alcohol before committing the
  rapes.

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Trends in Drug Use Some good news some
not so good(p. 302)
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Influences of Drug Use Perceived Marijuana Risk
Those who have used tend to see less
riskRationalization? p.303

• Biological Influences
• Psychological and Social-Cultural Influences

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Psychoactive Drugs
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Psychoactive DrugsHallucinogens

• Hallucinogens (psychedelics)
• LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide)
• Acid
• Near-death experience
• Marijuana
• THC

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Levels of Analysis for Drug Use
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Near-Death Experiences

• Near-Death Experience an altered state of
  consciousness reported after a very close brush
  with death
• often similar to drug-induced hallucinations
• Dualism the presumption that mind and body are
  two distinct entities that interact
• Monism the presumption that mind body are
  different aspects of the same thing

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• Writing assignment Why do we dream?
• p. 282-284 DISCUSS the following
• 1) Information processing theory
• 2) New studies memory
• 3) Benefits for learning
• 4) Dreams as a physiological function
• 5) Activation synthesis theory
• 6) What do ALL the researchers seem to agree on?
  
• 7) Biological vs. psychological?