Renaissance%20and%20Reformation

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Renaissance and Reformation

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Thesis

• As much of Europe is recovering from a
  devastating plague, southern Italy becomes the
  birth place of a cultural rebirth which will
  spread through the rest of Europe in the
  following years. This Renaissance will also give
  way to the reforming of religion.

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The Renaissance

• The Renaissance was a time of creativity and
  change in politics, society, economics, and
  culture. This movement gets its start in the
  1300s in southern Italy focuses on the works of
  the ancient Greeks and Romans.
• Economics
• -The Medici family was one of the wealthiest
  merchant families in Europe.

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The Renaissance continued

• Looking to Greece and Rome
• Artists and scholars study ruins of Rome, and
  study Latin and Greek manuscripts
• Scholars move to Rome after the fall of
  Constantinople in 1453.
• Classics Lead to Humanism
• Humanismintellectual movement focused on human
  achievements
• Humanists studied classical texts, history,
  literature, and philosophy
• Worldly Pleasures
• Renaissance society was secularworldly
• Wealthy enjoyed fine food, homes, and clothes

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The Renaissance continued

• Patrons of the Arts
• Patrona financial supporter of artists
• Church leaders spend money on artworks to
  beautify cities
• Wealthy merchants also patrons of the arts
• The Renaissance Man
• Excels in many fields the classics, art,
  politics, and combat
• Leonardo, Renaissance Man
• Leonardo da Vincipainter, sculptor, inventor,
  scientist
• Paints one of the best-known portraits in the
  world the Mona Lisa
• Famous religious painting The Last Supper

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The Renaissance continued

• Artistic Styles Change
• Artists use realistic style copied from classical
  art, often to portray religious subjects
• Painters use perspectivea way to show three
  dimensions on canvas
• Realistic Painting and Sculpture
• Realistic portraits of prominent citizens
• Sculpture shows natural postures and expressions
• The biblical David is a favorite subject among
  sculptors (although he looks more like a
  classical Greek)

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The Renaissance continued

• Raphael Advances Realism
• Raphael Sanzio, famous for his use of perspective
• Favorite subject the Madonna and child
• Famous painting School of Athens

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School of Athens by Raphael
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The Creation of Adam by Michelangelo, found of
the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel
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• Michelangelos The Last Judgment in the Sistine
  Chapel

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The Renaissance continued

• New Trends in Writing
• Writers use the vernaculartheir native language
• Self-expression to portray individuality of the
  subject
• Machiavelli Advises Rulers
• Niccolo Machiavelli, author of a political
  guidebook, The Prince
• The Prince examines how rulers can gain and keep
  power
• Johann Gutenberg helps to create a printing
  revolution
• The use of the movable type made book production
  easier

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The Reformation

• During the Renaissance, the Church increasingly
  comes under criticism by the people it served.
  Many Christians accused the clergy of corruption
  they felt they were abusing their power this led
  to a movement know as the Protestant Reformation.
• Abuses in the Church
• -The church became caught up in worldly
  affairs.
• -Popes competed with Italian Princes for
  political power

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The Reformation continued

• -Popes maintained a lavish lifestyle and were
  patrons of the arts.
• -To pay for such things the clergy promoted
  the sale of indulgences, which was payment for
  less time, spent in purgatory.
• Luthers Protest
• -In 1517, protests against church abuses erupted
  into a full scale revolt led by a German monk
  named Martin Luther

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The Reformation continued

• -Martin Luther criticized the Roman catholic
  church for the sale of indulgences.
• Luther created the 95 Thesis, or arguments
  against indulgences.
• Luthers Teachings
• Salvation was achieved through faith alone
• The bible is the sole source of religious truth
• Priests and the Church hierarchy do not have
  special powers.
• Spread of Lutheran Ideas
• Many church officials saw the reforms as the
  answer to church corruption
• The German princes saw Lutheranism as way to
  break from the Holy Roman Empire

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The Reformation continued

• Church officials asked Luther to recant or give
  up his views in order to regain control, Luther
  refused. (He is excommunicated)
• John Calvin
• Like Luther, John Calvin rejected elaborate
  church rituals and stressed the importance of the
  Bible.
• He preached predestination the idea that long ago
  God had determined who would gain salvation.
• He also set up a theocracy or government run by
  church leaders.
• The spread of Calvinism set off bloody wars
  throughout Europe with opposition from not only
  Catholics but Lutherans as well.

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The Reformation continued

• The English Reformation
• Henry VIII wanted to annul, or cancel his
  marriage to Catharine of Aragon because she could
  not have a son.
• The Pope denied it because her nephew Charles V
  was the Holy Roman Emperor.
• Break with Rome
• -Henry took the English Church from the Popes
  control.
• -With the Act of Supremacy Henry VIII made
  himself head
• of the Church of England or Anglican Church.
• Church of England
• -Henry gained the support of the nobles by giving
  them
• church land.

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The Reformation continued

• The Elizabethan settlement
• -The Queens policies were a compromise between
• Protestant and Catholic beliefs.
• -Because she was willing to compromise she was a
  strong
• and effective ruler who firmly established a
  protestant
• nation. 
• The Catholic Reformation
• During the 1530s and 1540s Pope Paul III set
  out to restore the moral authority of the church.

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The Reformation continued

• Council of Trent
• Reaffirmed traditional catholic views that
  salvation was achieved through faith and good
  works
• The Bible was the only source of religious
  truth.
• The Inquisition
• -Used torture, secrecy and execution to root out
  heretics
• -It also banned books by Luther, Calvin, and
  Humanists.
• -Many people were used as scapegoats on whom
  people
  
• could blame their problems
• -The Catholic Reformation led to witch hunts and
  the
• persecution of the Jews.