Work and Family

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Work and Family
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Mens Work and Family Roles

• Good Provider Role the economic provider of the
  family predominated into the 1970s
• Men work more hours and are more likely to work
  full-time.
• Involved Fathers
• Stay at home dads

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Womens Work and Family Roles

• Womens involvement in the workforce really took
  off in the 20th century.

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Womens Occupations

• Occupational segregation pronounced tendency for
  men and women to be employed in different types
  of jobs
• Jobs typically held by men and women differ
  within major occupational categories, with men
  more likely to hold the upper-level jobs.

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The Female-Male Wage Gap

• The wage gap is the difference in earnings
  between men and women.
• For instance, in 2011 women corporate chief
  executive officers (CEOs) averaged 1,464 weekly,
  compared with 2,122 for men.
• Motherhood has a tremendous negative lifetime
  impact on earnings.

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Womens Dual Role

• Despite their increased visibility in the labor
  force, women are still seen as primarily
  responsible for the family and its well-being

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Women and Stress Levels

• Womens workload is higher than men when taking
  into account work and home work hours
• Given the demands on women when combining
  employment and familial roles, many women
  experience inter-role conflict and/or role
  overload to a greater extent than men

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Unique Stressors to Women

• Women have fewer higher status positions, are
  less upwardly mobile and in general have lower
  salaries
• Women are more likely than men to face pay
  inequity, sexual harassment, underutilization of
  skills, and sex discrimination in performance
• All of these have been associated with a variety
  of stress symptoms

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Juggling Employment and Family Work

• Dual-Earning Family

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Work-Family Conflict

• Conflict due to work interfering with family
• Work-related activities interfere with home
  responsibilities (e.g., taking work home)

• Conflict due to family interfering with work
• Family responsibilities interfere with work
  activities (e.g., an employee having to cancel a
  business meeting because a child is suddenly ill)

Family-Work Conflict
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How Common is WFC?

• 3.7 million working adults describe their
  day-to-day lives as highly stressful (Statistics
  Canada, 2011)
• 66 75 of wage and salary employees in the
  United States felt they did not have time to be
  with children, their spouses/partners, and to
  spend on themselves (Matos Galinsky, 2011)
• Since 1996, between 46 and 61 of parents have a
  hard time juggling work and family (Barrette,
  2009)

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How Do Employees Cope With Competing Work
Family Demands?

• Social Support
• work-related (organizational, supervisors
  coworkers)
• family/friends
• Individual Coping Strategies

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Interventions to Ease W-F conflict
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Proposed Interventions to Ease W-F conflict

• Organizational programs to assist employees in
  balancing work and family life
• Flexibility in work schedules is associated with
  less work to family conflict