From the Grand Alliance to Containment

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From the Grand Alliance to Containment

• The Truman Doctrine and the Marshall Plan
• Building a National Security State
• The Cold War Begins
• Superpower Rivalry around the Globe

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Marshall Plan

• General George C. Marshall, Secty of State,
• European Recovery Plan, US spent 13 billion to
  restore the economies of 16 Western European
  nations which in turn helped the US economy
• Soviet Union did not participate because it
  objected to free enterprise

3
Truman Doctrine

• Trumans claim that American security depended on
  stopping any Communist government from taking
  over any non-communist government, anywhere in
  the world. This approach became the cornerstone
  of American foreign policy during the Cold War.

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Containment

• The foreign policy of the US to hold in check the
  power and influence of the Soviet Union and
  others espousing communism.

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Truman containment policy had six-pronged defense
strategy

• Development of atomic weapons
• Strengthen traditional military power
• Military alliances with other nations
• Military and economic aid to friendly nations
• An espionage network and secret means to subvert
  Soviet expansion
• a propaganda offensive to win popular admiration
  for the US around the world.

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What was the Cold War?

• Cold War the hostile and tense relationship
  between the Soviet Union and the US (and other
  Western nations) from 1947 until 1989
• cold because it stopped short of armed
  conflict, warded off by the strategy of Nuclear
  Deterrence

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Deterrence

• the strategy of the US that it would maintain a
  nuclear arsenal so substantial that the Soviet
  Union would refrain from attacking the US and its
  allies out of fear that the US would retaliate in
  devastating proportions. The Soviets pursued a
  similar strategy.

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Superpower Rivalry Around the Globe

• third world a term referring to about forty
  countries which had won independence but were not
  in the Western (first) world, nor the Soviet
  (second) world.
• 1949, communists under Mao Zedong took China,
  chasing Nationalists under Chang Kai-shek to
  Tiawan
• Peoples Republic of China under Mao signed a
  treaty with Soviets

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Rivalry, cont

• Japan rebuilt with American dollars, sides with
  US
• State of Israel established in Palestine,
  endorsed by US

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Election 1948
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Truman and the Fair Deal at Home

• Reconverting to a Peacetime Economy
• Blacks and Mexican Americans Push for Their Civil
  Rights
• The Fair Deal Flounders
• The Domestic Chill McCarthyism

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Senator Joseph R. McCarthy
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Second Red Scare

• Red Scare happens after a war
• After the collapse of the Soviet-American
  alliance
• Suspicions of espionage
• red baiting attempts to discredit people by
  associating them with communism

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The Cold War Becomes Hot Korea

• A Military Implementation of Containment
• First time Americans go to battle for containment
• A militarization of American foreign policy

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Korean War
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Costs of the War

• Total civilians killed/wounded
• 2.5 million
• South Korea 990,968
• 373,599 killed
• 229,625 wounded
• 387,744 abducted/missing
• North Korea 1,550,000
• US 36,000 killed, 100,000 wounded

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US and USSR
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US and USSR

• Stalin died in 1953
• New Soviet premier is Nikita Khrushchev
• Eisenhower and Khrushchev meet in 1955 in Geneva,
  the first time leaders from these two countries
  have met since WWII

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Nuclear Arms Race and Space Race
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Nuclear Arms Race

• 1957, Soviets tested ICBM (intercontinental
  ballistic missile)
• Fears emerged that the US was lagging behind the
  Soviets
• Signed the National Defense Act (student loan and
  scholarships for math science).
• Civil Defense Administration recommended home
  bomb shelters

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Space Race

• 1957, Sputnik, the first artificial satellite to
  circle the earth
• The American first satellite was dubbed Flopnik
  because it exploded
• 1958, Eisenhower established National Aeronautics
  and Space Administration (NASA)

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Brinksmanship and MAD

• Secty of State John Foster Dulles, Americas
  willingness to go to the brink of war as a
  threat
• MAD Mutually assured destruction nuclear
  stand-off

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1959 kitchen debate Nixon and Khrushchev

• Nixon to make things easier for our women.
• Khrushchev we do not have the capitalist
  attitude toward women.

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Consequences of the Cold War

• Shifted priorities of the federal government from
  domestic to foreign affairs
• Expanded budget
• Increased the power of the president
• Defense contracts encouraged economic population
  booms in the West and Southwest
• The Nuclear Arms races consumed dollars and
  resources, skewed the economy toward dependence
  on military projects
• Created anti-communist hysteria which stifled
  debate, politically or socially

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Cold War had created a warfare state

• military-industrial complex
• A term coined by Eisenhower in his farewell
  address
• the power and influence of the military and
  defense contractors who now controlled the
  economy
• nearly one of every three California workers
  held a defense-related job.
• one in every ten American jobs depended on
  defense spending

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Interstate Highway and Defense System Act of 1956
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Costs and Benefits

• Benefits
• Greater public travel
• Improved transportation of goods
• Suburban expansion
• Growth in fast food
• Growth in motel industry
• Most growth in trucking, construction, and auto
  industries

• Costs
• paid costs through increased fuel and vehicle
  taxes
• Air pollution
• Energy consumption
• Decline in the railroads and mass transit
• Decay in central cities

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Sun Belt
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Culture of Abundance

• Increased prosperity and complacency
• Baby boom (higher birth rate), peaking in 1957
  with 4.3 million births
• Traditional family and gender roles
• More religious observance, Baptist Billy Graham
• Congress adding under God to the pledge of
  allegiance in 1954 and In God We Trust on
  currency in 1955.
• Television widespread

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Television

• Eisenhowers 1952 Presidential campaign used TV
  ads for the first time and
• by 1960, television played a key role in election
  campaigns
• Television came to dominate Americans leisure
  time, influence their consumption patterns, and
  shape their perceptions of the nations
  leadership.

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Just Below the Surface

• The apparent consensus and tranquility of the
  1950s never grappled with
• a 20 poverty rate
• entrenched racism
• urban decay
• a self-conscious youth generation.

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Racism in America
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Women

• Betty Friedan wrote The Feminine Mystique,
• Critique of the idealization of womens domestic
  roles and women basing their identity on their
  children and husbands.
• it ignited the contemporary women's movement
• It is widely regarded as one of the most
  influential nonfiction books of the 20th century

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Native Americans

• Under Eisenhower, departed from the 1934 Indian
  Reorganization Act which attempted to preserve
  Indian culture.
• Three part program, compensation, termination,
  and relocation
• It Beginning in 1953, Eisenhower signed bills
  transferring jurisdiction over tribal lands to
  state and local governments
• The loss of federal hospitals, schools devastated
  Indian tribes
• A new militancy arose as a result of the
  urbanization of Native Americans

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Hispanics, one example

• Hernandez vs Texas, 1954
• first Mexican American civil rights case of the
  post WWII era
• Pete Hernandez convicted of murder in Texas it
  was appealed to the US Supreme Court and
  overturned
• ruling that Mexican Americans had been excluded
  systematically from the jury pool and service,
  and was a violation of the Constitutional
  guarantee of equal protection.

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Bracero Program

• Begun during WWII where Mexican laborers were
  allowed entry into the US to work for a limited
  period of time but not to gain citizenship or
  permanent residence. The program officially ended
  in 1964.
• About 100,000 came each year.
• In 1954 Operation Wetback designed to ferret
  out illegals and deport mistook many legal
  residents too

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Eisenhower New Look foreign policy

• Did not want to spend money on large army
• Relied on nuclear weapons and giving traditional
  weapons to allies

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US Interventions in Latin America

• 1954, Guatemala, Eisenhower authorized CIA to
  assist in a coup
• 1959, after Castro revolt, Eisenhower broke of
  diplomatic relations with Cuba and authorized CIA
  to train Cuban exiles for an invasion

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US Interventions in the Middle East

• 1951, Iran, prime minister had nationalized oil
  fields and refineries in 1953 Eisenhower
  authorized CIA to instigate a coup (1953) and
  paid Iranians to demonstrate against the
  government
• the Shah (traditional hereditary leader who
  favored US oil interests) was reinstated) this
  whole maneuver would back fire in 1979 with anti
  US backlash
• Egypt and the Suez Crisis

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Vietnam

• Vietnam, 1945, under communist Ho Chi Minh, the
  Vietminh declared independence from France
• Eisenhower looked at Vietnam as Truman had seen
  Turkey and Greece, that to let them go communist
  would set off a domino reaction
• US supplied money to France to fight insurgents.
  French lost in 1954
• Vietnam was partitioned at the seventeenth
  parallel

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Eisenhower response to situation in Vietnam

• Send weapons and military advisors to South
  Vietnam
• Assign CIA to destabilize the North
• Supported South Vietnamese Prime Minister Ngo
  Dinh Diem and his refusal to hold an election to
  unify Vietnamese governments

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Vietnam, cont.

• Between 1955 and 1961, the US provided 800
  million to the South Vietnamese Army
• US joined SEATO (Southeast Asia Treaty
  Organization), 1954, with Britain, France,
  Australia, New Zealand, Thailand, Pakistan and
  the Philippines
• To defend Cambodia, Laos, and South Vietnam
• This legacy was left to Eisenhowers successor