Chapter 7 Notes

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Chapter 7 Notes

• Launching the New Republic

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The First Years of the New Republic

• Washingtons years in office set precedent for
  future presidents.
• Congress passes the Judiciary Act of 1789 to
  organize the federal court system.
• Creates Supreme Court (John Jay) and 13 federal
  courtsSC has the right to review decisions from
  state courts
• Congress passes the Bill of Rights (1791)

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precedents
PRECEDENTS OF WASHINGTON
Precedents are models, examples or influences
other Presidents would follow What to call the
President? Mr. President President sets their
own personal style Cabinet appointed by President
and advises him
VP has no official duties President acts
independent from Congress Congress relies on the
advice of the President Served 2 terms and
stepped aside for someone else
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GEORGE WASHINGTON ELECTED FIRST PRESIDENT BY THE
ELECTORAL COLLEGE IN 1789 AND HE APPOINTED A
BALANCED CABINET WITH FOUR MEMBERS.
WASHINGTONS INAUGURATION
SECRETARY OF STATE, THOMAS JEFFERSON
SECRETARY OF TREASURY, ALEXANDER HAMILTON
LIBERALS
CONSERVATIVES
ATTORNEY GENERAL, EDMOND RANDOLPH
SECRETARY OF WAR HENRY KNOX
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Bill of rights
"BILL OF RIGHTS"
First 10 Amendments to the Constitution in
1791Rights and freedoms won in the Revolution
are preserved and protected

1. FREEDOM of Religion, Press, Speech, Assembly,
   Petition
2. RIGHT TO KEEP AND BEAR ARMS
3. No QUARTERING of soldiers in peacetime
4. NO UNREASONABLE SEARCH and SEIZURE
5. PROTECTION of ACCUSED

1. RIGHT TO A SPEEDY, PUBLIC TRIAL BY JURY
2. TRIAL BY JURY IN CIVIL SUITS
3. NO EXCESSIVE FINES or CRUEL PUNISHMENT
4. POWERS RESERVED TO THE PEOPLE
5. POWERS RESERVED TO THE STATES

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Hamilton, the Debt, and the National Bank

• Born in the West Indies very close to Washington
  (named Sec. of the Treasury)
• Wants to pay off US debt by raising the money
  from private investors who then could earn
  interest on their money
• Pay off foreign countries first, assume the debts
  of the states next
• Some states support the idea but others had
  already paid their debts (southern states)
• The compromise southern states will agree to the
  plan if the new capital is located in the south
  (Washington DC)
• US will never pay off the national debt and keep
  paying interest to the investors

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debt
HAMILTON'S FINANCIAL PLAN

• Congress Sec. of Treasury Alexander Hamilton
  solve debt problems
• Pay off 80 million debt
• Excise tax Taxes placed on manufactured
  products
• Tariff a tax on imports
• Establish good credit with foreign nations
• Create a national bank with a national currency
• Raise money for govt backed by gold silver

Foreign Debt 11,710,000
Federal Domestic Debt 42,414,000
State Debt 21,500,000
CustomDuties(Tariffs)
ExciseTaxon Whiskey
Misc.Revenue
Compromise with Thomas Jefferson called the
Assumption Act led to the creation of Washington,
D.C.
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BANK OF THE U.S.
BUS

• HAMILTON
• Safe place to deposit and transfer money
• Provide loans to government and state banks
• A national currency---
• An investment by people to buy stock into US bank
• Constitution did not forbid a national
  bank.Loose construction of Constitution
• National debt good for country

• JEFFERSON
• Against the Constitution
• State banks would collapse
• Only wealthy could invest in bank and would
  control bank than control the government
• Hurt the common man
• Strict constructionIf it is not mentioned in the
  Constitution than there cant be a national bank.
• Against a national debt

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Hamilton, the Debt, and the National Bank

• Increases US credit, ties investors to the
  success of the US
• Creates controversy (wealthy investors will
  benefit)
• Hamilton also supports the idea of a National
  Bank
• This would create a safe place to deposit tax
  revenues and help to regulate state banks
• Was this constitutional?
• Jefferson says no (strict interpretation of the
  constitution)this is reserved for the states
• Hamilton says yes (loose interpretation)refers
  to the Elastic Clause of the Constitution
• Congress has the power to make laws seen as
  necessary and proper for the country
• Washington agrees with Hamilton Jeffersons
  upset

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THE ELASTIC CLAUSE
A LOOSE INTERPRETATION OF THE CONSTITUTION ALLOWS
ACTIONS BEYOND THOSE ENUMERATED
WHOSE POSITION?
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Hamilton vs. Jefferson
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WHISKEY REBELLION

• Farmers revolt in western Pennsylvania.
• Refused to pay Hamilton s excise tax
• Believed it was an unfair tax.
• Were called the Whiskey Rebels

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Whiskey
WHISKEY REBELLION

• Issue at hand was testing the power of the new
  Constitution
• Outcome
• Demonstrated to the people that this new
  constitution was powerful enough to put down
  domestic rebellions, mobocracy
• Showed the power of the national government

President Washington reviews 13,000 troops of the
Western Army assembled at Fort Cumberland,
Maryland, to crush the Whiskey Rebellion.
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Foreign Policy in the 1790s

• French Revolution begins in 1789 many Americans
  support it. Who is Citizen Genet?
• France becomes violent (scares the elites), war
  breaks out in Europe
• GB wants US to ally with them France wants the
  same
• Washington claims US neutralityangers the French
  and the British
• As a result, British send more troops to defend
  forts in the NW Territory
• British seize US ships and impress sailors into
  service
• Spain challenges US claims to land west of the
  Appalachians and send NA allies to attack US
  settlements

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Foreign Policy in the 1790s

• Washington sets three initiatives in 1794 to
  avoid war
• 1) Sends Gen. Wayne to negotiate a Treaty of
  Greenville with the Shawnee (allows whites to
  settle in Ohio)
• 2) Sends John Jay to GB to negotiate Jays
  Treaty British agree to leave forts in the West
  but do not agree to stop impressments. Also led
  to trade with British going up 300
• Jefferson and his allies were very unhappy with
  the treaty (US could still not trade with France)
• 3) Sends Thomas Pinckney to Spain this Treaty of
  San Lorenzo a huge success since led to
• US winning the right to trade freely along the
  Mississippi and New Orleans (duty FREE)
• Spain agrees to the US boundary with Florida at
  the 31st parallel

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Map 13 of 45
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Treaty of Greenville
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(No Transcript)
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Political Parties Emerge

• When Washington leaves office it is clear that
  rival political parties are emerging
• Washingtons farewell address focuses on staying
  out of foreign affairs and condemns political
  parties
• Sets precedent by serving only two terms

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RISE OF POLITICAL PARTIES
political
Federalist Beliefs
(former Anti-Federalists)Democratic-Republicans
Alexander HamiltonJohn Adams
Thomas JeffersonJames Madison
Leader
Manufacturers, merchants, wealthy and
educated.Favored seaboard cities
Farmers and Planterscommon manFavored the South
and West
Appealed to

• Strong government over statesLoose Construction
  of Constitution
• Implied powers
• Wealthy and educated involved
• Limit freedoms of speech press
• Preferred govt. similar to a king

• States rights over National Govt.Strict
  construction of Constitution
• Expressed/Enumerated powers
• Common man but educated
• Bill of Rights is sacred
• Lesser government the better

Ideas of Government
DomesticPolicy
Supported National BankBUSSupported excise
taxNational debt good for countryNational govt.
assume state debtsTariffs should be high
Against National BankBUSAgainst excise tax
Against National debtStates pay their own
debtsTariffs should be low
ForeignPolicy
Opposed French RevolutionWanted war with
FrenchFavored the British
Supported French RevolutionOpposed war with
FrenchFavored the French
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Federalist vs. Republican
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Election of 1796 and the Adams Presidency

• Adams and Jefferson run against each other
• Adams wins but Jefferson comes in 2nd
  (awkward)12th amendment later fixes the problem
• Adams presidency full of controversy
• Upset over Jays Treaty, the French start seizing
  US shipsUS sends diplomats to avoid war
• French minister refuses to meet with the US
  unless they were paid 250,000 dollars (X,Y,Z
  Affair)
• Affair led to a positive, Adams creating Navy
• US refuses anti-French sentiments sweep the US
• Quasi-War with France US fight French in the
  Caribbean, yet no declaration of war

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The Alien and Sedition Acts

• Federalists use the threat of war with France to
  enlarge the military and create the Alien and
  Sedition Acts
• Aimed at foreigners who tended to support the
  Republicans
• President could expel any foreigner determined to
  be a threat to the nation or be deported or
  jailed during wartime
• Residency for citizenship increases from 5 to 14
  years
• Controversial because they limit free speech
  (could not defame the president)aimed at war
  critics
• Republicans saw this as proof that individual
  liberties were threatened if govt. gets too
  strong

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The Alien and Sedition Acts

• As a result, the Virginia and Kentucky
  Resolutions are passed. IMPORTANCE?
• Nullification, states right to rid of laws
  
  (written by Madison and Jefferson)
• States could judge the constitutionality of laws
  passed by Congress
• If national govt. oversteps its powers, states
  could nullify laws
• French want to make peace by 1800Federalists
  lose influence
• Adams loses the election of 1800 to Jefferson

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Election of 1800 Results
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Economic and Social Change

• Farm families begin to give surplus to urban
  markets early factories spread in the Northeast.
  (Samuel Slater)
• NA continue to strugglewhites expect them to
  assimilate some do but most dontmore land
  taken from them
• AA situation worsens as wellthe trends after the
  war endwhites put more distance between
  themselves and AA (Fugitive Slave Law, Haitian
  Revolution, Cotton Gin)
• Republican Motherhood becomes popular in
  defining womens role in US society
• Women were seen as important because it was their
  duty to pass on republican values to the next
  generations (separate spheres)

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Prompts

• 1) What are the domestic and foreign problems the
  US encounters in the 1790s? What does this lead
  to?
• 2) What effects did the French Revolution have on
  the United States?
• 3) Why could you argue that it was inevitable
  that the US would eventually split into a
  two-party political system? Explain.
• 4) How and why did the position of
• American nonwhites decline in the
• 1790s?