Chemical reactions require the input or release of _____________.

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Chemical Reactions

• Chemical reactions require the input or release
  of _____________.
• ______________ reactions require energy to form
  new bonds.
• ______________ release energy when bonds are
  broken.
• _______________ reactions have no net energy
  requirements. Energy released from decomposition
  portion helps with synthesis portion.

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Chemical Reactions

• Factors that influence reaction rates
• _________________ of reactants
• _________________ of environment
• _______________ ______________-the energy
  required for the reaction to happen.
• Some reactions require presence of a ___________.
• Special proteins that hold the reactants together
  so they can interact.
• Catalyst is not destroyed, changed, or used up by
  the reaction.
• Reaction speed is increased and activation energy
  is lowered when catalyst is present.
• In the body, a catalyst is called an
  ________________.

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Chemical Components of Living Organisms Organic
and Inorganic Compounds

• ________________ molecules- do not contain
  hydrocarbon groups (H and C bonded together) and
  often have ionic bonding.
• Water, Salts, Acids and Bases
• ________________ molecules- contain hydrocarbon
  groups and are usually covalently bonded.
• Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic Acids
• Both types of molecules are essential for life.

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INORGANIC MOLECULES
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• 1) Water is the universal solvent (dissolves
  chemicals).
• Chemicals added to water are called
  _______________________
• The chemical/water mixture is called a
  ____________________
• ________________ chemicals dissolve well or mix
  with water.
• ________________chemicals do not mix well with
  water.
• 2) Water is an ideal ________________ medium.
• Blanketing power allows molecules in water to
  move around and be cushioned from one another.
  Many molecules dissolve readily in water
• 3) Water has a high heat capacity and a high heat
  of vaporization.
• It is easily able to absorb heat from reactions
  so that the overall _________________ of solution
  doesnt change.
• Water needs a high temperature to change from a
  liquid to gas, so remains a liquid thru wide
  temperature ranges.
• 4) Water is used for ________________ of moving
  parts of the body.

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SALTS

• Compounds that have _________ bonds. (Cation
  bound to an Anion)
• Principle form of __________ that enter and are
  stored in the body.
• Na, K, Cl, Ca, P, S, Mg, Fe, Cu, Zn, Mn, I, Se,
  Mo
• When salts are added to water they immediately
  _____________ (divide into separate ions).
• Salts in ionic form are called ___________________
  ____-substances that have ability to transmit an
  electrical charge.
• Na, K, Ca2, Cl-

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Acids and Bases

• ___________- ionically bonded substances that
  when added to water freely release hydrogen ions
  (H). (ex HCl)
• Called H donors or proton donors
• ___________- ionically bonded substances that
  when added to water release a hydroxyl ion
  (OH-). (ex NaOH)
• Called proton acceptors
• H and OH- combine to form ____________

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The pH Scale

• Ranges from 1-14.
• Lower numbers are the most ___________, higher
  numbers are more ____________.
• pH of ________ is neutral.
• pH of blood is __________.

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ORGANIC MOLECULES
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Organic Molecules

• Molecules that contain carbon bound to hydrogen.
• Divided into 4 groups
• _____________________
• ____________________
• _____________________
• _____________________

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Carbohydrates

• Used for energy, storage of energy, and cellular
  structures.
• Composed of ___, ___, and ___ (water-containing
  carbon)
• Simple Sugars-____________________.
• Glucose and Fructose
• ________________ sugar with 6 carbon atoms
• ________________ sugar with 5 carbon atoms

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• ________________- when two monosaccharides are
  joined together in synthesis reaction.
• _________________- combinations of many
  monosaccharides.
• ________________ synthesis is the removal of
  water during a reaction
• ________________ is the breaking down of complex
  molecules into simpler ones by adding water
• ________________- when a macromolecule is formed
  out of a carbohydrate attached to a protein.

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Lipids

• AKA fats
• 4 classes of Lipids
• Triglycerides, phospholipids, steroids,
  eicosinoids
• Also made of C, H, O (and sometimes P), but their
  __ content is much lower than the amount in carbs.

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• Contains three ________ acids and a ___________
  molecule.
• Fatty acids are chains of carbon atoms with
  hydrogen atoms attached
• Glycerol is a modified, 3 carbon sugar
• ________________ fatty acids- all bonds in the
  hydrocarbon chain are single bonds.
• _________________fatty acids- when there are some
  double bonds between the carbon atoms.
• __________________________- macromolecule
  composed of proteins and lipids

TRIGLYCERIDES
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• Have a _______________ backbone like
  triglycerides
• In place of 3rd fatty acid is a phosphate group
  (PO4)
• Have a lipid bilayer when placed in water.
• ________________ heads are facing water
• Phosphate groups
• _______________ tails line up with one another.
• Fatty acid side

PHOSPHOLIPIDS
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STEROIDS

• Four interlocking hydrocarbon rings with very
  little oxygen.
• Basic _______________ ring structure that forms
  different steroids

EICOSANOIDS

• Lipids formed from a 20-carbon fatty acid and
  ring structure. (____________ structure)

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Proteins

• Most abundant organic molecules in the body and
  have the widest variety of functions.
• Made of_____, _____, _____, and _____ (can also
  include sulfur, iron, or phosphorus)
• Building blocks of proteins are ___________
  ________.
• The amino acid sequence is what makes each
  protein unique and defines the proteins
  function.
• Central carbon is attached to hydrogen atom, an
  amino group (NH2), a carboxyl group (COOH), and a
  side group.
• Side group defines the amino acid

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PROTEINS

• 20 different amino acids used by the body
• Amino acids link together via dehydration
  synthesis reactions.
• Carboxyl group of one amino acid links with the
  amino group of another amino acid via a peptide
  bond.
• _____peptide 2 amino acids
• _____peptide 3 amino acids in a chain
• _____peptide more than 3 amino acids in a chain
• __________ 100 amino acids chained together

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Structure of Proteins

• _________ Structure- sequence and number of amino
  acids that link together to form a chain.
• ____________ Structure- the natural bend of parts
  of the chain into pleated sheets or alpha helices
• _____________ Structure- Bonding between pleated
  sheets and helices causes the chain to change
  shape.
• ______________Structure- when two or more
  tertiary structures join to form a complex
  macromolecule consisting of more than one chain
  of amino acids.

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Enzymes

• Functional proteins that ___________ or speed up
  chemical reactions.
• Will end in _____
• Enzymes speed up a chemical reaction without
  being destroyed or altered.
• Enzymes are specific to the reaction that they
  cataylze and to the ______________ that the
  enzyme acts upon.
• Fit like a lock and key

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Nucleic Acids

• Largest molecules of the body
• Composed of ___, ___, ___, ___, and ___
• 2 classes of Nucleic Acids
• _______________________________ (DNA)
• Found in the cells nucleus
• Contains all instructions needed by cell to build
  proteins.
• Coded in segments called __________
• _______________________________ (RNA)
• Coordinates the building of proteins by using a
  copy of the cells DNA.

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Nucleotides

• The building blocks of nucleic acids.
• 5 different nucleotides, but all have the same
  basic structure sugar, phosphate group, and
  nitrogenous base.
• Are all composed of a 5-Carbon pentose sugar.
• Sugar in DNA is _____________.
• Sugar in RNA is _____________.
• Nucleotides are named for their base.
• Adenine (A), Guanine (G), Cytosine (C),
  (Thymine), and Uracil (U)
• A,G,C DNA RNA T DNA only U RNA only

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DNA

• Consists of two parallel strands of the
  nucleotides adenine, guanine, cytosine and
  thymine.
• Connected by hydrogen bonds between the
  nitrogenous bases of the nucleotides.
• Adenine/Thymine and Cytosine/Guanine
• Once bound, these two strands twist around one
  another to form a double ___________.
• Order of nucleotides is what makes the genetic
  code of each individual unique.
• This code is carried in the nucleus of every cell
  in the body

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RNA

• Consists of a single strand of nucleotides.
• Does not have thymine, but instead has uracil.
• Pairings are
• Cytosine/Guanine
• Adenine/ Uracil
• Exists in three forms
• mRNA- ____________ RNA
• tRNA- _____________ RNA
• rRNA- _____________ RNA

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ATP

• Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) energy currency of
  the cells.
• Cells need ATP to fuel any work that they do.
• ATP is an RNA nucleotide containing the
  nitrogenous base adenine with two additional
  phosphate groups attached.
• The bonds between the phosphate groups are called
  high-energy bonds.
• When bonds between phosphate groups are broken,
  energy is released.
• When phosphate group is lost, resulting molecule
  is adenosine diphosphate (ADP).
• When a subsequent phosphate is lost, the
  resulting molecule is adenosine monophosphate
  (AMP)