Nucleic Acids and Protein Synthesis

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Nucleic Acids and Protein Synthesis
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Nucleic acids are created from subunits called

• nucleotides

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The three parts to a nucleotide are
Phosphate group, nitrogen base, sugar
Phosphate
base
sugar
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The sugar is _________in DNA
________in RNA
Deoxyribose
Ribose
Phosphate
base
sugar
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The bases are ______________in DNA
______________ and
________________ ________________
in RNA
Guanine, Cytosine
Adenine , Thymine
Guanine, Cytosine Adenine , Uracil
Phosphate
base
sugar
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DNA structure looks like a spiral staircase which
is called a
Double Helix
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RNA is different because it is only
Single Stranded
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• DNA can do two things
• Replicate- make an exact copy for more
• cells
• 2. Direct production of proteins that
• determine how organisms look and
• function

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RNA has one job To take the DNA message and
bring it to the cytoplams where proteins are Made
from it.
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A portion on a DNA molecule that contains genetic
information is called a
gene
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These are later copied and used to create
proteins
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These macromolecules are created by
connecting_________ _______ using polypeptide
bonds
Amino acids
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Below is a DNA sequences of nitrogenous bases.
Below it write the corresponding nitrogenous base
for the other side of the DNA Molecule
ACTGGCCTAGGCTA
TGACCGGATCCGAT A with T , C with G
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RNA is different from DNA because instead of the
nitrogenous base ________ found on DNA, RNA has
the nitrogenous base__________
Thymine Uracil
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Below is the DNA sequence. Below it write the
corresponding bases for a RNA molecule
ACTGGCCTAGGCTA
UGACCGGAUCCGAU
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There are three types of RNA. They are

1. mRNA
2. tRNA
3. rRNA

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Match the function/description for each type of
RNA ______Makes up part of the
ribosomeallows for the mRNA to
attach to the ribosome and begin
Translation when the ribosome
starts to read codons. _____The RNA copy of the
DNA in the nucleus leaves to go to
the cytoplasm and attach to a
ribosome. ____ Carries the correct amino acid to
the mRNA during translation has the
anticodon.
rRNA
mRNA
tRNA
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mRNA
____ Made up of codons (groups of three bases)
that code for a specific amino
acid. _____ Contains an anticodon ( the
complement to the codon) that allows
it to attach to the mRNA/ribosome
during translation.
tRNA
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Protein Synthesis is made up of two steps. Below
list the two steps and where each occurs in the
cell and summarize the events
Name Location What happens?
Transcription nucleus -DNA separates - RNA bases added -RNA comes off theDNA, goes to the cytoplasm
Translation Cytoplasm on a ribosome attaches to a ribosome Ribosome reads codons tRNA brings over the correct amino acid Amino acids linked to make a protein

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Put the following in the correct order of
appearance in Protein Synthesis
DNA, mRNA, ribosome, codon, tRNA, anti-codon,
amino acid, protein
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DNA RNA PROTEIN
Transcription
Translation
Replication
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PHENOTYPE
How you look
PROTEIN
TRAITS
What genes you have
GENOTYPE
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• Mutations are any change in the genetic code
• DNA may not replicate properly and the incorrect
  base attached
• There may be a mistake in transcription
• There may be a mistake in translation
• There may be too many or too few chromosomes (
  occurs in Meiosis)
• 5. Parts of chromosomes may be added or
• deleted
• .there are many causes and types of mutations

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Practice Questions
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• Look at the DNA sequence below
  
• GAA TTC GCA
• What do the G and A represent in the DNA
  sequence?
• a. sugars
• b. amino acids
• c. phosphates
• d. nitrogen bases

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• 2. How many nucleotides are needed to code for
  one amino acid?
• a. 1
• b. 3
• c. 4
• d. 6

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• 3. Which of these results when one nitrogen base
  replaces another in a segment of genetic
  material?
• a. an enzyme substrate
• b. a mutation
• c. a feedback loop
• d. an adaptation

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• 4. Which is the compliment the the following DNA
  AGC-TAC-ACT?
• a. UCGAUGUGA
• b. AGCTACACT
• c. TCGATGTGA
• d. TCACATCGA

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5. A researcher recently discovered a species of
bacteria. DNA sequences were obtained from it and
form several other species of bacteria. The DNA
sequences came from the same part of the
bacterial chromosome of each species. Unknown
Species ACT GCA GCC
Species I ACA GCG CCG
Species II ACT GCT GGC
Species III ACA GCC GGG
Species IV ACT GCA GCGAccording to the data
above, the unknown bacteria are most closely
related to which species?a. Species Ib. Species
IIc. Species IIId. Species IV
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6. During cell replication, an error may result
in a base pair substitution. Which of these terms
describes the change in base pair sequence? a.
Cloning b. Meiosis c. Mutation d. translation
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• Which of these describes a mutation that can be
  inherited?
• a. Random breakage in a liver cells DNA
• b. Abnormal lung cells produced by toxins in
• smoke
• c. A nitrogen base substitution in a gamete cell
• d. Ultraviolet radiation damage to skin cells

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• 8. Which of these are the repeating units that
  form a DNA molecule?
• a. Fatty acids
• b. Nucleotides
• c. Amino Acids
• d. Chromosomes

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• 9. Hemoglobin is an important protein in red
  blood cells. The DNA code for hemoglobin contains
  the following segment
• TGC GGA CTC CTC
• Which of these is the messenger RNA code for
  this segment of DNA?
• a. ACG-CCT-GAA-GAA
• b. TCC-GGT-CTC-CTC
• c. ACG-CCU-GAG-GAG
• d. UGC-GGA-CUC-CUC

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• 10. Which is a not true of the difference between
  DNA and RNA?
• a. DNA is double stranded and RNA is single
• b. DNA has thymine and RNA has Uracil
• c. DNA and RNA can replicate
• d. DNA codes for mRNA which in turn codes for
  proteins

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• 11. What organelle is necessary for protein
  synthesis?
• a. mitochondria
• b. ribosome
• c. vacuole
• d. cell membrane

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• 12. What are the repeating units of all proteins?
• a. enzymes
• b. amino acids
• c. nucleotides
• d. monosaccharides