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MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

• Reproductive ductsducts through which sperm pass
  after exiting testes until they exit from the
  body
• Epididymissingle, coiled tube about 6 m in
  length lies along the top and behind the testis
  in the scrotum
• Sperm mature and develop the capacity for
  motility as they pass through epididymis
• Ductus (vas) deferensreceives sperm from the
  epididymis and transports them from scrotal sac
  through the abdominal cavity
• Passes through inguinal canal
• Joins duct of seminal vesicle to form the
  ejaculatory duct

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MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

• Accessory, or supportive, sex glandssemen
  mixture of sperm and secretions of accessory sex
  glands averages 3 to 5 mL per ejaculation, with
  each milliliter containing about 100 million
  sperm
• Seminal vesicles
• Pouchlike glands that produce about 60 of
  seminal fluid volume
• Secretion is yellowish, thick, and rich in
  fructose to provide energy needed by sperm for
  motility
• Prostate gland
• Shaped like a doughnut and located below bladder
• Urethra passes through the gland
• Secretion represents 30 of seminal fluid
  volumeis thin and milk-colored
• Activates sperm and is needed for ongoing sperm
  motility
• Bulbourethral (Cowpers) glands
• Resemble peas in size and shape
• Secrete mucus-like fluid constituting less than
  5 of seminal fluid volume

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MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

• External genitals
• Penis and scrotum called genitalia
• Penis has three columns of erectile tissuetwo
  dorsal columns called corpora cavernosa and one
  ventral column surrounding urethra called corpus
  spongiosum
• Glans penis covered by foreskin (prepuce)
• Surgical removal of foreskin called circumcision

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FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

• Structural planorgans classified as essential or
  accessory
• Essential organs are gonads (ovaries), which
  produce sex cells (ova)
• Accessory organs of reproduction
• Ducts or modified ductsincluding oviducts,
  uterus, and vagina
• Sex glandsincluding the breasts
• External genitals

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FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

• Ovaries
• Structure and location
• Paired glands weighing about 3 g each
• Resemble large almonds
• Attached to ligaments in pelvic cavity on each
  side of uterus
• Microscopic structure (Figure 20-8)
• Ovarian folliclescontain an oocyte, which is an
  immature sex cell (about 1 million at birth)
• Primary folliclesabout 400,000 at puberty are
  covered with granulosa cells
• About 350 to 500 mature follicles ovulate during
  the reproductive lifetime of most womensometimes
  called graafian follicles
• Secondary follicles have a hollow chamber called
  the antrum
• Corpus luteum forms after ovulation

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FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

• Ovaries (cont.)
• Functions
• Oogenesisthis meiotic cell division produces
  daughter cells with equal chromosome numbers (23)
  but unequal cytoplasm ovum is large polar
  bodies are small and degenerate
• Production of estrogen and progesterone
• Granulosa cells surrounding the oocyte in the
  mature and growing follicles produce estrogen
• Corpus luteum produces progesterone
• Estrogen causes development and maintenance of
  secondary sex characteristics
• Progesterone stimulates secretory activity of
  uterine epithelium and assists estrogen in
  initiating menses

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FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

• Reproductive ducts
• Uterine (fallopian) tubes (oviducts)
• Extend about 10 cm from uterus into abdominal
  cavity
• Expanded distal end surrounded by fimbriae
• Mucosal lining of tube is directly continuous
  with lining of abdominal cavity
• Uteruscomposed of body, fundus, and cervix
  (Figure 20-9)
• Lies in pelvic cavity just behind urinary bladder
• Myometrium is muscle layer
• Endometrium lost in menstruation
• Menopauseend of repetitive menstrual cycles
  (about 45-50 years of age)
• Vagina
• Distensible tube about 10 cm long
• Located between urinary bladder and rectum in the
  pelvis
• Receives penis during sexual intercourse and is
  birth canal for normal delivery of baby at end of
  term of pregnancy
• Accessory or supportive sex glands

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