Respiration

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Respiration

• A Dr. Production

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Energy Concepts

• Thermodynamics Reaction Rates

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• RESPIRATION ? a process where organic (food)
  molecules are oxidized broken down to release E
• Glycolysis is the 1o source of e- for the citric
  acid and e- transport chain
• CH2O O2 ? CO2 H2O Energy
• Has both an anaerobic phase and an aerobic phase
• Associated with Mitochondria found in eukaryotic
  cells

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• Respiration is a multi-step process that occurs
  in several places in the mitochondria. So it is
  important that you know the anatomy of the
  mitochondria

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• Glyco lysis, or "splitting of sugar" occurs in
  the cytosol
• Glucose is very stable, and must be converted to
  reactive compound by phosphorylation
• Glucose (6C) 2ATP
• 2ADP 2P
• PGAL (3C) PGAL (3C)
• NAD NAD
• NADH NADH
•  
• 2ADP 2P 2ADP 2P
• 2ATP 2ATP
•  
• Pyruvic Acid (3C) Pyruvic Acid (3C)

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Redox Reactions

• How NAD Works

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Glycolysis

• net gain 2ATP, 2 total E in 1 molecule glucose,
  only 7 of E released
• 2ADP ? 2ATP
• 2NAD ? 2NADH 2H
• 1 Glucose ? 2Pyruvate

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Pyruvic Acid vs Pyruvate
? Draw pyruvate
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Conversion of Pyruvate

• Conversion of Pyruvate occurs in the
  mitochondrial membrane

? Identify the components of Acetyl CoA
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TCA/Citric Acid/Krebs Cycle

• Citric Acid Cycle occurs in the mitochondrial
  matrix
• each molecule acetyl Co-A yields the following
  from one molecule of glucose
• 3NADH H
• 1FADH2
• 1ATP
• 2CO2

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Or, for a more detailed look
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The Electron Transport Chain

• E- Transport Chain occurs across the inner
  mitochondrial membrane and in the inter-membrane
  space
• It uses O2 to transfer e- from 10NADH H and
  2FADH2
• It separates H into e- and H, carries e- away
  from H gradient

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Which side is more basic than the other? More
acidic? More alkaline?
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• ATPase attached to H channels and uses kinetic
  E of H to join ADP P this is called
  "chemiosmotic ATP synthesis"
• each NADH H produces 3ATP 30 ATP
• each FADH2 produces 2ATP 4 ATP
• Glycolysis 2 ATP
• Krebs Cycle 2 ATP

ATP Synthetase The Movie
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Electron Transporters
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Got O2?

• In the absence of O2
• Fermentation occurs

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• Pyruvate (3C) Pyruvate (3C)
• CO2
• Acetaldehyde (2C)
• NADH H NADH H
• NAD NAD
• Ethanol Lactic Acid
• Liver
• Glucose

Glycogen in the liver is a reserve of glucose.
When blood sugar levels drop below 4 to 5 mM
glycogen phosphorylase is activated
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• Fermentation generates 0ATP, so what is its
  usefulness?
• How did the first anaerobic heterotrophs make E?
• NAD is needed for glycolysis
• Pyruvic acid generates NADH from NAD,
  fermentation regenerates NAD
• Which is more efficient, aerobic or anaerobic
  respiration? What is the evolutionary
  significance of this?

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Alternative Energy Sources for Muscles

• Hydrolysis of Sucrose in Intestines
• Fatty Acid Metabolism

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RESPIRATION
CYTOPLASM GLYCOLOSIS HAPPENS HERE!
PROTEINS
CARBOS (SUGARS)
FATS (LIPIDS)
GLUCOSE C6H12O6
AMINO ACIDS
MAKES 2 ATPS
GLYCOLOSIS IN CYTOPLASM NO OXYGEN!
PYRUVIC ACID
ATP TOTALS GLYCOLOSIS2 RESPIRATION34 BOTH36!
CO2 IS RELEASED
ACETYL-CoA
O2 ENTERS HERE
KREBS CYCLE AND ELECTRON TANSPORT
MAKES 34 ATPS
MITOCHONDRIA RESPIRATION HAPPENS IN THIS
ORGANELLE!
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Gluconeogenesis

• Gluconeogenesis is the synthesis of glucose from
  non-carbohydrate sources. Glucose must be
  synthesized after 12-24 hours of fasting or
  during prolonged exercise to maintain blood
  glucose concentration.
• The brain prefers to use glucose as fuel,
  although after a long period of starvation it can
  derive some of its energy requirements from
  ketone bodies.

• RBCs have an absolute requirement for glucose
  since they have no mitochondria and can not
  utilize ketone bodies.
• Occurs in the liver ( kidney cortex after
  prolonged starvation), in cytosol mitochondria.

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Glycolysis Pyruvate Intermediate TCA Cycle E- Transport Chain Fermen-tation
Where it occurs
Co-Enzymes used
Co-Enzymes produced
ATP Used
ATP Produced
MISC Inputs
MISC Outputs
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References

• Hibernation
• Krebs cycle Tutorial
• Citric Acid Cycle tutorial
• AP Animations Quizzes
• ATP Energy Storage
• Fermentation Irritable Bowel Syndrome
• Step by Step Glycolysis
• Interactive Biochemistry Animations
• Overview of Glycolysis Heavy Chemistry
• Fundamentals of Biochemistry Animations
• Glycolysis with Redox Reactions
• Cellular Respiration Animation Summary