Pregnancy

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Pregnancy

• Everything You Ever Wanted to Know

2
The Developing Baby

• Conception
• Ovum released from an ovary
• Egg moves through the fallopian tube to the
  uterus
• Egg reaches uterus and flushed out by menstrual
  cycle, or fertilized by sperm
• Ovum and sperm uniteconception

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Zygote- 1st stage

• Zygote-fertilized egg, last about two weeks
• Travels through fallopian tube and attaches to
  lining of uterus
• Provides nourishment to zygote
• Zygote grows by cell division
• 1,2, 4, etc
• After 2 weeks, only the size of a pin head

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Embryo-2nd stage

• Embryo grows rapidly
• Mass of cells develops into the major systems of
  the body
• Brain begins to take control of body systems
• Amniotic fluid develops to protect embryo
• Placenta develops, rich in blood vessels, moms
  blood carries food and oxygen to placenta
• Reaches baby through umbilical cord-brings
  nourishment to baby, takes away waste

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Fetus-3rd stage

• Beings at 8-9th week
• 4th or 5th month-fetal movements touch wall of
  uterus (quickening)
• Uterus grows and expands, more fluid produced
• By 7th month, fetus is capable of living outside
  the womb
• Major organ systems ready to operate
• Fat deposits added under skin
• Fetus stores nutrients and build immunity
• Can suck thumb, cough, sneeze, kick, hiccup, and
  cry before birth

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Preparing for Birth

• Lightening-baby dropped in birth canal
• Fetus usually upside down-easiest and safest
  position for birth
• Mothers skin on abdomen appears stretched to
  capacity, muscles are stretched
• 37-42 weeks, baby is ready to be born

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Vocabulary

• Chromosomes-threadlike particles in the nucleus
  of every cell
• Genes-units that determine a persons inherited
  characteristics
• Dominant-stronger gene
• Recessive-weaker gene
• Infertility-inability to become pregnant

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The Genetic Package

• Inherit characteristics from parents
• At conception every human receives 23 pairs of
  chromosomes
• Chromosomes have thousands of genes
• For each inherited characteristic, child receives
  2 copies of each gene
• If the same, get that characteristic
• If different, dominant gene is expressed

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Recessive Traits

• Blue, green, or hazel eyes
• Straight hair
• Blonde or red hair
• Second toe longer than big toe

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Continued

• Combination of genes make up genetic package and
  sex
• Sex chromosomes are X and Y
• Egg contains X
• Sperm contain X or Y
• XX girl
• XY boy

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Activity

• Make a chart of your family from grandparents
  through parents, aunts and uncles to present
  generation
• Show eye color and shape, hair color and texture,
  shape and size of ears, hand, feet, any other
  physical characteristics that are passed down
  through generations and describe the pattern

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Issues in Prenatal Development
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Multiple Births

• Identical twins-egg splits in 2
• Fraternal twins-2 eggs both fertilized
• 2.5 of births are twins

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Infertility

• Seek medical advice and give a complete health
  history
• Surgery or medication can help solve problem
• Ovaries are not producing eggs, prescribe
  fertility drugs
• Side effects lung problems, abdominal pain,
  nausea, diarrhea, dizziness, multiple babies

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Options for Infertile Couples

• Adoption
• Artificial insemination-doctor injects sperm into
  womans uterus
• In vitro fertilization-in small glass dish,
  womans egg and males sperm combined, then
  zygote placed in womans uterus
• http//video.nationalgeographic.com/video/player/s
  cience/health-human-body-sci/human-body/ivf-sci.ht
  ml

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Continued

• Ovum transfer-egg from female donor and in vitro
  fertilization
• Surrogate mother-become pregnant for another
  couple
• Can carry couples fertilized egg
• Artificially inseminated (legal arrangements and
  meet state laws)

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Problems in Prenatal Development

• Miscarriage-happens before 20 weeks of pregnancy,
  baby dies
• Stillbirth-happens after 20 weeks of pregnancy
• Go through stages of grief
• 20 of pregnancies end in miscarriage
• Most women can have successful pregnancies later

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Types of birth defects

• Serious problems that threaten a childs health
  or ability to live
• Some are mild or easily corrected, others are
  severe
• Every 3 out of 100 children born in US have a
  birth defect
• Not all are apparent at birth

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Causes of Birth Defects

• 4 main causes
• Environmental causes
• All major organ systems develop in first few
  weeks or pregnancy, choices mom makes and moms
  health affect developing systems
• Nutrition
• Diseases or infections of mother
• Alcohol, tobacco, drugs
• Medications
• Exposure to outside hazards such as radiation

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Hereditary Causes

• For each person about 5 or 6 recessive genes are
  imperfect
• If each parent passes on the same recessive
  defective gene, baby may develop birth defect
• Dominant gene can be defective too
• Some inherited conditions only affect males such
  as hemophilia and color blindness

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Errors in Chromosomes

• Could be too many or too few chromosomes
• Not inherited from parents
• Most common is Down syndrome
• 1 in every 800 births
• Risk increases in women over 35
• Child has extra chromosome, interferes with
  development

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Interaction of Heredity and Environment

• Examples like cleft lip, cleft palate, and spina
  bifida
• Inherit the tendency, combined with environment
  factor during pregnancy

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Cleft Lip

• Cleft Lip

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Cleft Palate

• Cleft Palate

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Spina Bifida

• Spina Bifida

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Prevention and Diagnosis

• Infections, drugs, and alcohol exposure can be
  controlled
• Genetic counseling-counselors trained to
  understand genetic disorders
• Obtain complete family medical history
• Diseases and cause of death of close relatives
• Thorough medical exams
• States likelihood of genetic problems

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Prenatal Tests

• More than 100 birth defects can be determined
  before a baby is born
• 3 procedures used
• Ultrasound-uses sound waves to make a video image
  of unborn baby to check for specific health
  problems and rates of development
• Detects defects to skeleton and other organs

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Continued

• Amniocentesis-method of removing a sample of
  amniotic fluid surrounding the unborn baby, test
  fluid for specific birth defects
• Some cells of the fetus contained in the fluid
  and tested
• Test for Down syndrome if mother over 35
• 1 in 200 women miscarry after test

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Continued

• Chorionic villi sampling-sample small amounts of
  tissue
• Test for same defects that amniocentesis does,
  but can be done earlier
• Higher risks than amniocentesis

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Avoiding Dangers to the Baby

• Alcohol- Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
• Physical and mental problems
• 1 out of 5 with FAS die soon after birth
• Almost all are mentally retarded
• Slow growth, poor coordination, heart defects,
  facial deformaties
• Fetal alcohol effects-less severe
• Degree of damage is directly related to amount of
  alcohol mom consumed during pregnancy and at what
  stage

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• FAS

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Other Drugs

• Prescription and OTC
• Caffeine
• Nicotine
• Illegal drugs
• Inhalants-fumes that are inhaled into the lungs

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Medications

• Thalidomide- used to relieve morning sickness in
  late 1950s
• 5,000 babies born with severe birth defects
• Medicines or infections that reach baby in first
  3 months are the most devastating
• Last 6 months of pregnancy, may cause slow
  growth, infections
• Drugs taken just before delivery will be in
  babys body at birth

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Caffeine

• Found in coffee, tea, soft drinks, cocoa, some
  foods, medications
• Large doses can cause birth defects

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Tobacco

• Low birth weight
• Prematurity
• Respiratory infections and allergies after birth

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Illegal Drugs

• Pass addiction to child
• Go through withdrawal right after birth, painful
  condition
• Can be so severe that they die
• Cocaine is known to cause miscarriage,
  stillbirth, premature birth, birth defects
• Similar results with marijuana
• Babies who survive withdrawal have an uncertain
  future

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• Drug addiction

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Other Dangers

• X-rays- radiation can cause birth defects
• Rubella-vaccine now available
• STDs-can be passed on from pregnant woman to
  unborn baby
• Routinely check for syphilis and treat newborns
  eyes with a solution to kill gonorrhea germs that
  could cause blindness

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AIDS

• Developing baby can be infected by mother
• If mother with AIDS gives birth to a baby, baby
  is at risk of developing AIDS
• Mom can be given treatment that reduces chances
  of baby developing AIDS
• Early testing very important