Communicable Diseases

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Communicable Diseases
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Communicable Diseases

• Definition
• Caused by direct or indirect spread of pathogens
  from one person to another.

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Pathogens

• Definition
• -Tiny living creatures that cause disease.

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Types of pathogens

• Bacteria
• Virus
• Fungi
• Protozoan

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Bacteria

• (100 million will fit in a grain of sand.)
• Most common of all pathogens.
• Most DO NOT cause disease.
• Reproduces through cell division.
• Ex. Strep throat , lyme disease

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Strep Throat
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Bacteria Video
http//webcast.mediaondemand.com/library_video/200
00901/27_bacteria_300.asx
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Virus

• All viruses are considered Parasites
• Smallest and simplest of microorganisms.
• Can only live on living cells- tricks human cells
  to reproduce more viruses.
• Reproduce until cell burst
• Examples- chicken pox, cold, flu, measles,
  rabies, HIV/AIDS

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Virus cont.

• Highly specific in types of cells they invade.
• Polio- nervous system
• Common cold respiratory system
• Small pox, chicken pox, shingles- Skin cells.
• Antibiotic drugs do not have an affect on
  viruses.

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Cell Burst

• http//www.whfreeman.com/kuby/content/anm/kb03an01
  .htm
• Video
• http//www.libraryvideo.com/streaming.asp?mscssid
  GQ2BQAMMHCT78JEXX6WWGAQ4EC2M3584skuN6639

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How a virus reproduces

• Cell Burst

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Protozoan

• Most are harmless.
• One celled organism
• Grows in water
• Multiples quickly in moist places
• Ex. Malaria

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Fungi

• Live off non-living things.
• Molds, yeast, and mushrooms
• Live in warm moist places.
• Ex. Locker room or mats
• ex. Ring worm / athletes foot

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Fungi
Athletes Foot
Ring Worm
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A. Immune system- Bodys Primary Defenses
Against Diseases(nonspecific resistance will
react the same EVERY time a pathogen enters the
body)

• Skin
• Mucus Membrane
• Cilia
• Chemical barriers tears and saliva
• Reflexes- Blinking, coughing, and sneezing.

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Bodys Defense Against Communicable Disease

• Skin
• Most important keeps out harmful germs
• Produces sweat that kills some types of pathogens.

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Bodys Defense Against Communicable Disease

• Mucus Membrane
• Cells that line nose, mouth and throat.
• Produce mucus to trap germs

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Bodys Defense Against Communicable Disease

• Cilia
• Wavelike hairs that sweep out germs

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Bodys Secondary Defenses

• Specific Resistance- more detailed then the
  primary defense. Kills and keeps record
  of pathogens.
• Fever
• White Blood Cells

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Bodys Defense Against Communicable Disease

• Fever
• Norm temp. 98.6
• When microorganisms multiply body temp increases.
• Temp. increase slows multiplying

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Bodys Defense Against Communicable Disease

• White blood cells
• Special cells that fight infection
• Kill pathogens by surrounding and swallowing
• 1. Lymphocytes WBCs (4 types)

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Lymphocytes

• 4 types
• Killer T - attack
• Are sent to destroy or attack antigens
• Helper T control the strength and quality of
  immune response
• B Cells produce antibodies
• Macrophage- pac man like- take bite of pathogen
  and sends back info. to T-cells

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How white blood cells work

• Virus enters body system- indirect or direct
  contact
• Macrophage- Bite virus and send antigen to T-
  cells
• Helper T cells act as messenger calling B
  cells
• B Cells create antibody to help kill pathogens
  and remove pathogens (interlocking parts)
• Virus can no longer invade bodys cells
• Kept on file body has immunity
• Killer T Cells destroy virus

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White Blood Cells

• Macrophage
• Pac-Man like garbage collectors.
• Take bites of invaders

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Antigens and Antibodies

• Antigens- chemical code of pathogens. Contains
  critical info. about the pathogen
• Antibodies
• 1. Are created by B-Cells
• 2. Antibodies latch to pathogen. Fits
  together like a lock and key. This prevents the
  virus from entering cells

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• Active Immunity
• 2 types
• Natural body gets disease recovers
• Recall immune response from previous illness
• Vaccination
• Dead or weakened strain of virus injected into
  you body.
• Body then destroys virus and creates antibodies
  against it.

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Ways Disease Enter Body

• Break in skin
• Genitals

• Mouth
• Eyes
• Nose

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How diseases are spread

• Direct contact touching infected area of person
• Indirect contact-sneezing, coughing, sharing
  personal items
• Contact with animals and insects - bites
• Other contact- eating contaminated foods

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Prevention for communicable diseases

• Wash hand often!!!
• Cover mouth when sneezing or coughing.
• Proper care of food
• Eat healthy and exercise
• Shower daily
• Avoid tobacco and drugs

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(No Transcript)
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White blood cells defend against germs The
immune system is made up of many different kinds
of white blood cells. White blood cells work
together to protect us against disease-causing
germs.
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Macrophages identify germsWhen a germ invades
our bodies, macrophages gobble up the germ and
display its surface shape, or antigen, for other
immune cells to see.
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Helper T cells direct the defenseHelper T cells
spot the foreign antigen on the macrophage and
begin to multiply. They alert other white blood
cells and direct the body's defense.
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B cells make antibodiesB cells start to make
chemicals called antibodies. Antibodies lock onto
foreign antigens making it easier for other
immune cells to destroy them.
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Killer T cells destroy germsAlerted by helper T
cells, killer T cells multiply and destroy the
invading germs. Working together, our white blood
cells can usually destroy invading germs.
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Problems with Immune System

• Immunodeficiency-
• System not present or working properly
• Some may be caused by medicines ( Chemotherapy)
• May be caused by infections (HIV, AIDS)

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Problems with Immune System

• Autoimmune disorders
• Immune system mistakenly attacks bodys healthy
  organs.
• Allergic Disorders
• System overreacts to exposure to antigens in
  environment.

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Common communicable diseases

• Common cold see handout
• Hepatitis-see handout
• Mononucleosis-see handout

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REVIEW GAME

• RULES-
• 1. two teams
• 2. three strikes and your out
• 3. Must get the question COMPLETELY right in
  order to earn the points
• 4. Two student compete to answer a non-related
  health question. The winning student asks his
  team if the want to play or pass
• 5. Object is the accumulate the most points

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What are communicable disease?

• Diseases that are passed from person to person
  and caused by a pathogen.

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Name the pathogen that causes the following
diseases?

• HIV
• Lyme disease
• Ringworm

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How does the following defense work to help
protects us from getting sick

• Skin-
• Mucus member-
• Cilia-
• Reflexes-

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Answer to previous ?

• Keeps out most pathogens, and produced sweat to
  kill some pathogens
• Produces mucus to trap pathogens
• Wave-like hairs that sweep out germs
• Blinking, coughing, sneezing

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Name the four types of pathogens that cause
people to become ill?

• Bacteria
• Virus
• Fungi
• protozoa

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Give three examples of how diseases are passed
through indirect contact?

• Sneezing
• Coughing
• Sharing personal item, i.e. lip gloss, drinking
  glass
• Person to object
• Animal to person, i.e. deer tick

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List three characteristics of a virus?

• Smallest and simplest of all pathogens
• Can only live and reproduce in a living cell
• They will only attack specific parts of the body
• Will eventually destroy the cell they invade
• Tricks human cell to clone the virus

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Name three ways pathogens can enter the body?

• Mouth
• Eyes
• Nose
• Break in the skin
• Genitals
• ears

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Name four types of white blood cells?

• Lymphocytes
• A. Killer T-Cells
• B. Helper T-Cells
• C. B- Cells
• D. Macrophage (pac-man)

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Name fours ways to prevent communicable disease
from spreading?

• Wash hands often
• Cover mouth when sneezing or coughing
• Proper food care- cook food thoroughly
• Eat healthy and exercise
• Shower daily