The Intertestamental Period: From Babylon To The Birth Of Christ

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The Intertestamental Period From Babylon To The
Birth Of Christ

• The Intertestamental Period and the Rise of
  Christianity

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Announcements
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Intertestamental Period
Week Date Topic
1 05 Mar 14 Overview
2 12 Mar 14 Babylonian Period (605-539 BC)
3 19 Mar 14 Persian Period (539-332 BC)
4 26 Mar 14 Greek Period (332-323 BC)
5 02 Apr 14 Ptolemaic (323-198 BC)
6 09 Apr 14 Syrian (198-168 BC)
7 16 Apr 14 Maccabean Part 1 (168-153 BC)
8 23 Apr 14 Maccabean Part 2 (153-139 BC)
9 30 Apr 14 Independence (139-63 BC)
10 07 May 14 Rome Intervenes (63 37 BC)
11 14 May 14 Herod (37 BC 4 BC)
12 21 May 14 The IT Period and Christianity (4 BC 70 AD)
13 28 May 14 Review
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Todays Objectives

• Review last weeks lesson
• Learn about the division of Herods kingdom
• Learn about Herods three sons who become leaders
• Learn about the Procurators of Rome who
  administer Judea
• Pontius Pilate
• Learn about the Roman interaction with Christ
• Learn about the conflict between the Jews and
  Romans

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Reference Material

• KJV (w/ Apocrypha)
• 1st and 2nd Maccabbees
• Josephus The Complete Works
• Herodotus The History
• Intertestamental History Mark Moore
• Ancient Rome Simon Baker
• Harding University BNEW 112 Course Notes Dr.
  Thompson
• Intertestamental Period John Battle

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Where we left off.

• Review last weeks lesson
• Learned about the conflict between Octavian and
  Antony and its effect on Judea
• Learned about Octavian as Caesar Augustus
• Learned about the origins of the Herodian family
• Learned about Herods rule
• Efforts as king
• Intervention with the birth of Christ
• Death and division of the kingdom

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Herods Death

• Herod grows more suspicious and cruel
• Had lost the confidence and favor of the Romans
• Order a tax registration in 8 BC
• Contracts a disease, possibly a cancer
• Herod orders key Jewish leaders to be jailed
• Orders their execution when he dies
• Order not carried out
• Herods kingdom is divided
• Three younger sons inherit the kingdom

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Division of the Herods Kingdom

• Archelaus
• 4 BC 6 AD
• Became ruler of the Jews
• Territory included Judea, Idumea, and Samaria
• Herod Antipas
• 4 BC 39 AD
• Became a subordinate rule below the rank of a
  king, most often mentioned in the NT
• Territory included Galilee and Perea
• Philip the Tetrarch
• 4 BC 34 AD
• Northeast of Galillee, Iturea, Trachonitis

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Division of Herods Kingdom
LG Archelaus P Antipas O Phillip GR
Salome DG Roman Province Y Autonomous cities
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Archelaus

• 4 BC 6 AD
• Gained the most important part of Herods kingdom
  including Judea, Idumea, and Samaria.
• Incompetent and cruel ruler (Read Matt 219-23)
• In 6 AD, a delegation of Jews and Samaritans
  travel to Rome to complain
• Augustus deposed
• Instead of appointing another Governor, reduced
  his territory to an imperial province under the
  rule of a Roman procurators
• Procurators could be of the equestrian class, the
  second highest class in Roman society
• Most infamous prefect was the fifth one, Pontius
  Pilate (A.D. 26-36).

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Herod Antipas

• 4 BC 39 AD
• Antipas was granted the title of tetrarch, ruler
  of a fourth part of a district
• He was given the family title Herod by the
  Romans
• Both Antipas and his brother Philip held the
  title of Herod
• Bible sometimes uses the word king for Herod
  Antipas as a popular designation (Matt 149 Mark
  614-26).
• Antipas was given the territories of Galilee and
  Perea
• Antipas is the Herod mentioned in the Gospels
  (except in the birth narratives, when Herod the
  Great is mentioned)

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Herod Antipas cont.

• Jesus belonged to Herod Antipas jurisdiction
  (Luke 237)
• Remembered for beheading John the Baptist in
  Perea
• While Herod was visiting in Rome, he was
  attracted to Herodias, the wife of his brother
  Philip (not Philip the Tetrarch)
• She forsook her husband, and with her daughter
  Salome she went with Herod back to Galilee
• John the Baptist declared that Herod was guilty
  of grave sin
• For this reason Herod imprisoned John and later
  executed him (Matt 141-12, Mark 614-29).
• When Jesus was warned to flee from Herods
  territory of Perea, Jesus took his time in
  leaving, and called Herod a fox (Luke 1331-32)
• During his trial, Jesus refused to speak at all
  to Herod Antipas (Luke 231-12)

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Philip the Tetrarch

• 4 BC 34 AD
• Received the least important section of the
  kingdom
• Philip is mentioned in the NT only in Luke 31
• Appears to have been a good ruler
• He married Salome, who had danced for his brother
  Herod Antipas
• Jesus visited Caesarea Philippi, a city in
  Philips territory which Philip had built up and
  named for himself
• While Jesus was there, Peter gave his great
  confession (Matt 1613-20).
• Nearby Mt. Hermon may have been the site of
  Christs transfiguration (Matt 171-2).

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Procurators

• Roman citizens of wealth who were not magistrates
  or members of the senate
• Roscian Law set the minimum wealth at 400K
  Sesterces (about 380K today)
• Highest class were called prefectures
• There were 14 procurators in Judaea from 6 AD to
  66 AD the time of the Great Revolt
• Pontius Pilate is perhaps the most famous
• Served from 26-35 AD
• Fifth Procurator of Judea
• The judge at Jesus' trial and the man who
  authorized his crucifixion

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Pontius Pilate

• Referred to as the "Prefect of Judea
• Described as inflexible, merciless, and obstinate
• Responsible for imperial tax collections in Judea
• John 1828-40 describes the interaction between
  Jesus and Pilate
• Rule was brought to an end through trouble which
  arose in Samaria
• Revolving around a sacred vessel thought to
  belong to Moses and his attempts to secure

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Roman Empire

• Early empire 14 AD to 180 AD
• First four emperors were from Augustus family
• Tiberius
• Caligula
• Claudius
• Nero
• Nero
• Evil
• Killed anyone in his way including mother and
  wife
• Good emperors include Nerva, Trajan, Hadrian,
  Antonius Pius, Marcus Aurelius

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Rome and the Jews

• Judaea was a Roman province
• Political parties
• Sadducees cooperated with the Romans
• Essenes Rome and awaited the Messiah
• Zealots advocated overthrowing Roman rule
• Revolt began in 66 was crushed by the Romans
• Romans destroyed the temple in Jerusalem
• Jesus began to teach during the midst of the
  conflict

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The Great Revolt

• 66-73 AD, time of Nero, then Vespasian
• First of three revolts by the Jews against the
  Romans
• Initially started over religious tensions between
  Jews and Greeks
• Grew with anti-taxation protests and attacks upon
  Roman citizens
• Ended when legions under Titus destroyed rebel
  resistance in Jerusalem, and defeated the
  remaining Jewish strongholds (Masada)

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Rise of Christianity

• Jesus taught that inner transformation was most
  important, humility, charity, and love for others
• Judeans turned Jesus over to the Romans because
  they thought he might cause people to revolt
  against Romans
• Pontius Pilate ordered his crucifixion
• Followers of Jesus believed that he overcame
  death and was the Messiah
• Simon Peter and the disciples taught that Jesus
  was the Savior and Son of God

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Christ

• Born around 4 BC in Bethlehem
• Worshipped God and followed Jewish law
• At the age of 30 began preaching to villagers,
  using short stories with simple moral lessons to
  communicate his ideas (parables)
• Recruited 12 disciples to help Him spread His
  ideas, called apostles, in Jerusalem
• Some Jews in Jerusalem welcomed Christ, many of
  the priests felt he threatened their leadership
• Roman authorities felt Christ would lead the Jews
  in a revolt against their rule

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Review

• Reviewed last weeks lesson
• Learned about the division of Herods kingdom
• Learned about Herods three sons who become
  leaders
• Learned about the Procurators of Rome who
  administer Judea, especially Pilate
• Learned about the Roman interaction with Christ
• Learned about the conflict between the Jews and
  Romans