Russia

1
Russia Europe/ Two World Wars

• Jeannie Sullivan, Cecilia Bellet, Shelbi Matthews

2
Start of the Romanovs

• After thirty years of turmoil in Russia, Michael
  Romanov took over as the first Romanov tsar and
  restored the countrys prosperity.
• Another Romanov, Peter the Great, took Russia to
  the next level and transformed it into a major
  European power.

3
PETER I the GREAT
4
Peter the Great

• Peter was the son of Michael Romanov, he became
  tsar when he was ten years old in 1682.
• Peter was enthralled by technology and traveled
  abroad to various Western European countries
  (such as the Dutch Republic England).
• While abroad, Peter studied Western culture and
  brought back many modern ideas to Russia.

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Peter the Great (cont.)

• (1700-1725) The Great Northern War- a war
  between Russia and Sweden that resulted in
  Russian dominance of the Baltic Sea.
• Russians believed that having control of the
  Baltic was critical to become a major European
  power.
• St. Petersburg was built in 1703 and was made the
  new capital in Russia. It was a way of
  celebrating Peter the Greats success after the
  war.
• It was made using urban principles from the West.
• The most drunken council was made by Peter the
  great. It was a meeting of Peter and his friends
  drinking, violent jokes, and criticism of the
  Catholic church.

6
Table of Ranks

• It was a decree by Peter in 1722 that
  restructured civil and military administration
  into a system of advancement based on merit
• Administrators received noble status as they
  moved up instead of paying for a rank.

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CATHERINE I the GREAT
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Catherine The Great

• Catherine(original name Sophie) married Peter
  the Greats grandson Peter III. She plotted a
  coup d'état against Peter with her lover
• He was soon killed and Sophie became successor of
  the throne and changed her name to Catherine II
  the Great.
• She took over ecclesiastical lands and became one
  of Russia's most powerful rulers. She
  dramatically expanded Russias borders and joined
  in the partition of Poland.
• She also fought two wars with the Turks. These
  conquests along with the partitions of Poland
  rivaled Peter the Greats advances in the Baltic
  region and established the western, modern
  boundaries of Russia.

9
Catherine (cont.)

• Catherine encouraged colonization.
• At the end of her reign the Russian empire
  contained dozens of different ethnic and
  religious communities.
• Cultural diversity in the Russian empire rivaled
  that of the Habsburg lands.

10
Partition of Poland

• Division of Poland carried out by Austria,
  Prussia, and Russia. In 1772 1792 and 1795
  leading to the end of an independent Polish
  State.
• Russia instigated a civil war in Poland by
  demanding full toleration for its protestant and
  orthodox inhabitants.
• Attempting to put an end to that civil war
  Austria, Prussia, and Russia proceeded to divide
  up sections of Poland among themselves.

11
Pugachev Rebellion

• Emelian Pugachev (c.1742-1775) Cossack who
  claimed to be Peter III and led an unsuccessful
  rebellion of thousands of serfs against Catherine
  the Great.
• Pugachevs revolts were unique because of their
  size and social composition (social status of
  people included in the revolts).
• Pugachev was taken to Moscow in a cage and
  executed
• Although the revolt failed it was a sign of deep
  social crisis in Russia.
• The rebellion a demand for a end to serfdom,
  taxation, and military drafts.

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Two World Wars 1740-1763 The Spark

• In 1740 Frederick II of Prussia attacked Maria
  Theresa of Austria, beginning the War of the
  Austrian Succession.
• Frederick was seeking Silesia, the richest of
  Austria's territories.
• He took advantage of the questioning of Maria
  Theresas legitimacy to the throne and claimed
  that Silesia rightfully belonged to Prussia.

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Two World Wars 1740-1763 The Spark (cont.)

• In 1740 Britain joined Austria in the fight
  against Prussia, renewing the British-Austrian
  alliance that had been forged in the wars against
  Louis XIV.
• Britain during this time was also engaged in war
  with Spain, fighting over trading rights
  therefore, decided to interject in war with the
  French residing in India and North America
• At the wars end Prussia emerged victorious,
  keeping Silesia and the French and British war
  ended indecisively.

14
THE TWO WARS Concluded

• War broke out again in 1756 between Austria and
  Prussia over Silesia.
• Russia this time was helping Austria
• France and Britain continued their wars in India
  during the Sven Year War
• France concluded an alliance with Austria so
  Britain joined Prussia in the diplomatic
  revolution
• War ended in 1763

15
18th Century Warfare

• 18th Century Warfare
• by this time in Europe constant war was veiwed as
  inevitable
• because of this many aspects of warfare were so
  deeply embedded into the peoples minds that
  nothing ever changed
• For example
• the king as head of military
• shifting of alliances

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18th Century Warfare (cont.)

• But now, in the 18th century, war became more
  civilized
• Louis XIV made having a standing army a standard
  feature in Europe
• with the exception of Britain who preferred a
  smaller army but provided financial aid to their
  allies's forces
• Armies now had better weapons and were much more
  disciplined and trained
• Armies now had less of an impact on the civilians
  because of better discipline and less pillaging
• Warfare also became more of a science
• Sebastien le Prestre de Vauban for example
  improved and supervised the building of French
  fortresses
• other military scientists improved military
  drills so that the soldiers were better trained,
  in line and knew military maneuvers
• nobles who were the heads of armies were educated
  about drill and battle-field tactics which they
  then taught to their own soldiers

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18th Century Warfare (cont.)

• These new military systems also affected the
  government of countries
• because even distribution of power seemed to work
  very well with the military, countries such as
  France tried to restore balance after wars by
  giving each state even power according to size,
  population etc.
• this though, made competition with states more
  scrambled, and religious division in states and
  countries a smaller role in wars. Now territory,
  power and prestige were much larger roles in
  wars.

18
Winners and Losers

• When the war ended in 1763, there were clear
  winners and losers
• In central Europe, FREDERICK II was a WINNER b/c
  Silesia was never returned to Austria.
• AUSTRIA was a LOSER. The shock of Silesias loss
  was great, and influenced the decisions of
  political leaders such as Maria Theresa.
• Austrias defeat in war led to radical social
  reforms intended to increase peasant prosperity,
  which in turn would allow for higher taxes and
  more money for the army.

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Winners and Losers (cont.)

• Although Austria did end up losing the battle,
  Maria Theresa tried everything in her power to
  strengthen the country. She founded a military
  academy, introduced advanced drill and
  maneuvering techniques.
• Maria also imposed new taxes on the Catholic
  Church for she believed that the church should
  assume a greater part of the expenses needed to
  defend the state against competitors.
• When Maria Theresa died in 1780, she was
  succeeded by her son, Joseph II, who was also
  determined to strengthen Austria against Prussia.
• Joseph II took a more radical approach, and in
  1780 he abolished serfdom as a whole. He also
  imposed state taxes on the ex-serfs.