CLASSIFICATION (Taxonomy)

1
CHAPTER 18

• CLASSIFICATION (Taxonomy)
• THE SIX KINGDOMS

2
HISTORY OF TAXONOMY

• TAXONOMY BRANCH OF BIOLOGY THAT NAMES AND GROUPS
  ORGANISMS ACCORDING TO THEIR CHARACTERISTICS AND
  EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY

3
ARISTOTLE

• TWO KINGDOMS HE KNEW WERE PLANT AND ANIMAL
• WHY?
• USED COMMON NAMES TO DESCRIBE ORGANISMS
• PROBLEM COMMON NAMES NOT THE SAME WORLDWIDE OR
  EVEN REGION WIDE

4
ARISTOTLE

• LATIN THE LANGUAGE USED TO NAME ORGANISMS
• LATIN LANGUAGE OF SCHOLARS

5
LINNAEUS The Father of Taxonomy

• CAROLOS LINNAEUS SWEDISH BOTANIST/NATURALIST
• DEVISED A SYSTEM OF GROUPING ORGANISMS INTO
  HIERARCHIAL CATEGORIES
• USED ORGANISMS MORPHOLOGY TO CATEGORIZE IT

6
Three Domain System

• Domain Archaea
• Domain Bacteria
• Domain Eukarya
• A domain is a broad group that living things are
  classified into on the basis of mRNA analysis.

7
LEVELS OF CLASSIFICATION

• KINGDOM LARGEST CATEGORY
• PHYLUM SUBSET OF KINGDOM
• CLASS SUBSET OF PHYLUM
• ORDER SUBSET OF CLASS
• FAMILY SUBSET OF ORDER
• GENUS SUBSET OF FAMILY
• SPECIES SINGLE ORGANISM TYPE

8
BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE

• TWO-NAME NAMING SYSTEM
• LATIN
• SCIENTIFIC NAME GENUS AND SPECIES NAME
• EX Drosopholus melongaster
• CAPITALIZE GENUS NAME, SPECIES NAME IS LOWER
  CAPS
• UNDERLINE OR PUT IN ITALICS

9
MODERN CLASSIFICATION

• MODERN TAXONOMISTS AGREE THAT THE PHYLOGENY OR
  EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY OF AN ORGANISM BE USED TO
  CLASSIFY AN ORGANISM.
• SYSTEMATICS ORGANIZES THE TREMENDOUS DIVERSITY
  OF LIVING THINGS IN THE CONTEXT OF EVOLUTION

10
PHYLOGENETIC TREE

• A FAMILY TREE THAT SHOWS THE EVOLUTIONARY
  RELATIONSHIPS THOUGHT TO EXIST AMONG GROUPS OF
  ORGANISMS.
• REPRESENT A HYPOTHESIS
• BASED ON SEVERAL LINES OF EVIDENCE

11
Phylogenetic Tree
12
PHYLOGENETIC TREE

• EVALUATE AN ORGANISMS MORPHOLOGY BASED ON
• SIMILAR LIVING ORGANISMS
• POSSIBLE ANCESTRAL ORGANISMS IN FOSSIL RECORD
• DNA
• EMBRYOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT

13
CHROMOSOMES MACROMOLECULES

• MOLECULAR CLOCK THE NUMBER OF AMINO ACID
  DIFFERENCES IS A CLUE TO HOW LONG AGO TWO SPECIES
  DIVERGED FROM A SHARED EVOLUTIONARY ANCESTOR

14
Molecular Clock
15
KARYOTYPE COMPARISON

• REGIONS OF CHROMOSOMES THAT HAVE THE SAME PATTERN
  OF BANDING ARE CLUES TO THE DEGREE OF RELATEDNESS
  OF ORGANISMS

16
CLADISTICS

• USES SHARED DERIVED CHARACTERISTICS TO ESTABLISH
  EVOLUTIONARY RELATIONSHIPS
• DERIVED CHARACTER FEATURE THAT APPARENTLY
  EVOLVED IN THE GROUP UNDER CONSIDERATION
• EX. BIRD FEATHERS EVOLVED WITHIN BIRDS AND NO
  OTHER GROUP

17
DERIVED CHARACTERISTICS

• STRONG EVIDENCE OF COMMON ANCESTRY BETWEEN
  ORGANISMS THAT SHARE THEM
• CLADOGRAMS DIAGRAMS MADE FROM CLADISTIC
  ANALYSIS THAT SHOW ANCESTRY

18
Cladogram
19
Cladogram
20
CLADISTICS CONCLUSIONS

• LEAD TO NONTRADITIONAL CONCLUSIONS
• BIRDS, CROCODILES ALLIGATORS ARE MORE CLOSELY
  RELATED TO EACH OTHER THAN TO SNAKES OR LIZARDS
• REPTILES ARE A COMPOSITE OF SEVERAL BRANCHES OF
  VERTEBRATES

21
THE MODERN SYSTEM OF CLASSIFICATION

• SIX KINGDOM SYSTEM
• ARCHAEBACTERIA
• EUBACTERIA
• PROTISTA
• FUNGI
• PLANTAE
• ANIMALIA

22
ARCHAEBACTERIA

• UNICELLULAR PROKARYOTES
• DISTINCTIVE CELL MEMBRANES
• UNIQUE BIOCHEMICAL GENETIC PROPERTIES
• AUTOTROPHIC (CHEMOSYNTHETIC)
• LIVE IN HARSH ENVIRONMENTS
• ANCIENT BACTERIA

23
ARCHAEBACTERIA

• THERMOACIDOPHILES HIGH HEAT AND LOW PH, LIVE IN
  HOT SPRINGS,
• HALOPHILES SALT-LOVERS, LIVE IN DEAD SEA, GREAT
  SALT LAKE
• METHANOGENS LIVE IN INTESTINAL TRACTS OF
  ANIMALS, SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANTS, PRODUCE METHANE
  CH4

24
EUBACTERIA

• TRUE BACTERIA
• UNICELLULAR PROKARYOTES
• MOST AEROBIC
• CAN BE
• HARMLESS
• PATHOGENIC

25
ARCHAEBACTERIA EUBACTERIA

• REPRODUCE BY BINARY FISSION
• RAPID EVOLUTIONARY RESPONSE TO ENVIRONMENTAL
  CHANGE
• I.E., ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE

26
PROTISTA

• EUKARYOTIC
• MOSTLY SINGLE-CELLED ORGANISMS
• REQUIRE WATER (MOISTURE) TO LIVE
• EX. Euglena, Amoeba, Paramecium, Water molds,
  Slime molds, Algae
• Catch-All Kingdom

27
Fungi

• Eukaryotic
• External Heterotrophs
• Secrete enzymes to break down food source
  absorb food into body of fungi
• Unicellular (yeast)
• Multicellular (mushrooms)
• Cell walls made of chitin

28
Plantae

• Eukaryotic
• Autotrophic
• Multicellular
• Non motile
• Cell walls with cellulose
• Photosynthesis to obtain energy
• Food stored as starch
• Reproduce sexually

29
Plantae Non Vascular Plants

• Lack vascular tissue
• Lack true roots, stems, leaves
• Low growing
• Absorb water and nutrients
• Mosses
• Ferns

30
Plantae Vascular Plants

• True roots, stems, leaves
• Water moves upward from roots

31
Gymnosperms

• Conifers
• Seeds born on cones
• Mostly wind pollinated
• Evergreen
• Pines, spruce, fir, cedar, cypress, sequoia

32
Angiosperms

• Flowering plants
• Seeds develop within enclosed ovaries
• Leaves modified into flowers,
• Flowers pollinated by wind or animals

33
Angiosperms Flowering Plants

• Two Divisions
• Monocotyledons (monocots) single seed leaf
• Lilies, corn
• Dicotolyledons (dicots) two seed leaves
• Rose, maples,

34
Animalia

• Eukaryotic
• Heterotrophic
• Multicellular
• Movement
• Organized into tissues and organs (most animals)

35
Animalia Invertebrates

• Porifera sponges
• Cnidaria jellyfish, corals
• Platyhelminthes tapeworms
• Nematoda roundworms
• Annelida segmented worms earthworms
• Mollusca oysters, snails, octupus
• Arthropoda spiders, crabs, bugs
• Echinodermata sea stars

36
Animalia Vertebrates

• Phylum Chordata
• Urochordata sea squirt
• Cephalochordata - lancelets
• Vertebrata fish, sharks, amphibians, reptiles,
  birds, mammals

37
What is a Chordate?

• In some stage of its life
• Dorsal, hollow nerve cord
• Notochord
• Pharyngeal pouches
• Tail extending beyond anus