Cardiovascular System

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Cardiovascular System

• By Kayla Sood Cynthia Amador P.4

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What is the Cardiovascular System?
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Why is the cardiovascular system important to us?

• Carries oxygen, nutrients, hormones, proteins,
  electrolytes, gases to cells.
• Transports toxins and carbon dioxide away from
  cells.
• Necessary to stay alive, duhhh!

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Heart Chambers and Valves
The heart consists of 4 hallow chambers and 4
valves, that make the process of blood
circulation throughout the body possible.
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Heart chambers and valves(continued)

• Atria- upper chambers
• thin walls
• Receives blood returning to heart
• Ventricle- lower chambers
• Forces blood out heart, into arteries
• Aorta- carries blood from heart to rest of body
  except lungs
• Interatrial Septum
• Separates right and left atrium
• Interventricular Septum
• Separates right and left ventricles

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4 Chambers

• Right atrium
• Receives oxygen
• Pumps to right ventricle

• Left atrium
• Receives oxygen rich-blood from lungs
• Pumps to left ventricle

• Right ventricle
• Pumps oxygen poor-blood to lungs

• Left ventricle
• Pumps oxygen rich-blood to aorta then out to the
  body

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4 Valves

• 2 Semilunar
• Mitral Valve (bicuspid valve)
• Located on left side
• Tricuspid Valve
• Located between upper atria and lower ventricles
  on right side

• 2 Atrioventricular
• Aortic Valve
• Located on the left side
• Pulmonary Valve
• Located in arteries leaving the heart on right
  side

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Purposes of the 4 major valves

• Mitral and tricuspid
• Control blood flow from atria to ventricle

• Aortic and pulmonary
• Control blood flow out of the ventricles

As LV contracts, opens and allows blood to leave
closes and prevents back flow of blood in LV
When ventricles contract, prevents back flow of
blood in LA and LV
Allows blood flow from RA into RV, prevents blood
moving in wrong direction
Prevents backflow of blood into RV and opens as
it contracts
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Coverings of the Heart

• The heart consist of two major layers
• Heart is enclosed in a double-walled sac
  pericardium
• The loose fitting superficial part of this sac
  fibrous pericardium.
• The fibrous pericardium
• protects heart
• holds together surrounding structures
• prevents overfilling heart with blood
• Deeper part of fibrous pericardium is the serous
  pericardium

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Coverings of the heart (continued)

• Serous Pericardium a thin, two-layer membrane
  that forms a closed sac around the heart.
• Parietal layer of serous pericardium lines
  internal surface of the fibrous pericardium.
• At superior edges of heart, parietal layer
  attaches to large arteries exiting the heart.
• Then turns inferiorly and continues over the
  external heart surface as the visceral layer,
  also called the epicardium,  
• which is an essential part of the heart wall.

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Coverings of the heart (continued)

• Layers of the Heart Wall
• The heart wall is composed of three layers
• Epicardium
• myocardium
• endocardium
• Epicardium(superficial layer) is the visceral
  layer of the serous pericardium.
• Thin layer of CT and fat
• Myocardium(middle layer) composed mainly of
  cardiac muscle cells (cardiomyocytes) and forms
  the bulk of the heart.
• CT fibers form a dense network called the fibrous
  cardiac skeleton that support structure of the
  myocardium cardiac muscle fibers.
• Inner layer Endocardium made up of endothelial
  consist of thin, smooth membrane, lines inside
  chambers of heart, located under myocardium.

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Coverings of the heart (continued)
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Coverings of the heart (continued)

• pericardial cavity Between the parietal and
  visceral layers contains a film of serous fluid.
  
• The serous membranes are lubricated by the serous
  fluid
• Allows for gliding past each other, allowing the
  heart to work in a friction-free environment.

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Blood vessels

• Arteries Vessels that transports blood away form
  the heart to capillaries
• Capillaries small blood vessel that connects an
  arteriole to a venule thin and fragile
• Veins vessels that carry blood towards the heart
• 5 major vessel that go to
• and leave the heart
• Superior vena cava
• Inferior vena cava
• Pulmonary artery
• Pulmonary vein
• aorta

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Blood vessels(continued)

• Vena cava veins that return deoxygenated blood
  from circulation body and empty into the right
  atrium
• Superior transports deoxygenated blood from
  upper extremities (head, neck etc.)
• Inferior transports deoxygenated blood from
  lower extremities (thorax, abdomen, etc.)
• Pulmonary artery carries deoxygenated blood from
  right ventricle into lungs for oxygenation.
• pulmonary vein carry oxygenated blood from lungs
  into left atrium return to systemic circulation.
• The aorta (largest artery) carries oxygenated
  blood from left ventricle of heart into systemic
  circulation.
• Pulmonary trunk artery vessel in which blood
  from RV exits, then branches to left and right
  pulmonary arteries transports blood to lungs

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Blood vessels( continued)

• 3 layer of blood vessels
• Tunica Intima inner most layer
• Composed of thin layers of endothelial cells
• Allows for nutrients and gas
• Tunica media muscular middle layer
• Contains smooth muscle allowing to constrict and
  dilate to adjust volume of blood
• Tunica extrema outer most layer
• Surrounds tunica media
• Composed of CT

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Blood Path
3. Right Atrium
4. Tricuspid Valve
2. Inferior Vena Cava
1. Superior Vena Cava
6. Pulmonary Valve
8. Pulmonary Veins
7. Pulmonary Artery
5. Right Ventricle
12. Aorta
9. Left Atrium
10. Mitral Valve
11. Left Ventricle
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REST OF OUR BODY!
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Blood Pressure

• There are 5 major parts that make up the process
  of blood pressure
• Filtration
• Glomerular filtration
• Fluid in blood is filtered across capillaries of
  the glomerulus and into the urinary space of
  Bowmans Capsule
• 2. Systole vs. Diastole
• Systole maximum pressure achieved during
  ventricle contractions
• Diastole Lowest pressure that remains in the
  arteries before the next ventricle contraction
• Both numbers make up blood pressure

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Blood Pressure (continued)

• 3. Pressure vs. Distance
• Pressure- speed
• Distance- how far blood circulates throughout
  body
• 4. Plasma and protein relation to blood
• Plasma
• extracellular matrix (yellow liquid)
• Make up about 55 of bodys total blood value
• Proteins
• Transport of lipids, hormones, vitamins, and
  metals

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Blood Pressure (continued)

• 5. Cardiac Output (aka Q)
• Made up of 2 components
• Heart rate (HR) refers to number of times heart
  beats every minute (BPM)
• Stroke volume (SV) refers to amount of blood
  pumped out of the left ventricle with every heart
  beat
• Equation for cardiac output
• HR x SV Q

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Heart Beat and Sounds

• Noises created by beating heart and flow of blood
• Sounds reflect turbulence created when the heart
  valves snap shut
• 2 normal heart sounds lub dub
• Lub caused by closing of AV valves during
  ventricular systole
• Dub cause by closing of pulmonary and AV valves
  during ventricular diastole
• 2 different heart sounds S1 S2, produced by
  closing of AV valves and semilunar valves
• S1 caused by AV valves, Mitral and tricuspid
• S2 caused by semilunar valves, aortic and
  pulmonic
• Other sounds
• Murmur when cusps dont close completely and
  blood is leaked back through valve
• Aortic/pulmonic sound, mitral/tricuspid

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Conduction

• Important tissues, cells, fibers, etc. and their
  location and function
• Bundle branches transmits cardiac impulse from
  AV bundle to myofibers
• Stimulates ventricles to contract
• Atrioventricular bundle transmits cardiac
  impulses from AV node to bundle of branches
  causing contraction
• Regulates heartbeat
• Consists of cardiac muscle
• Purkinje specialized cardiac muscle fibers
• Conducts electrical impulses through heart from
  AV bundle to ventricular walls
• Located in between lining of serous cavity

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Conduction (continued)

• Cells
• Non-pacemaker cells
• Fast rate of depolarizing
• Located all throughout heart with the exception
  of pacemaker cells
• Pacemaker cells
• Slow rate of depolarizing
• Located in SA and AV nodes
• Smooth muscle cells
• Cardiac muscle cells
• Able to depolarize at own rate because of
  unstable membrane resting potential and leaky ion
  channels

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Conduction (continued)

• SA Node (Sino atrial) pacemaker
• Controls heart rate
• Consists of specialized cardiac muscle fibers
• Located in RA near superior vena cava
• AV Node (atrioventriclular)
• Part of electrical control system of heart
• Between artia and ventricles
• Located beneath endocardium and on inferior part
  of septum

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Conduction (continued)

• The cardiovascular system follows a very precise
  regulation so that an appropriate supply of
  oxygenated blood can be provided to different
  body tissues.

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Conduction (continued)
Regulation Sympathetic nervous system speeds up
heart rate Parasympathetic nervous system slows
down heart rate
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Bibliography

• https//www.boundless.com/physiology/textbooks/bou
  ndless-anatomy-and-physiology-textbook/the-cardiov
  ascular-system-18/the-heart-172/heart-great-vessel
  s-866-9331/
• http//anatomyandphysiologyi.com/heart-anatomy/
• http//www.sharecare.com/health/blood-basics/how-b
  lood-travel-human-body
• http//learn.fi.edu/learn/heart/vessels/capillarie
  s.html
• http//www.cliffsnotes.com/sciences/anatomy-and-ph
  ysiology/the-cardiovascular-system/blood-vessels