CHARLEMAGNE

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CHARLEMAGNE

• SSWH7 The student will analyze European medieval
  society with regard to culture, politics,
  society, and economics.
• a. Explain the manorial system and feudalism
  include the status of peasants and feudal
  monarchies and the importance of Charlemagne.

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CHARLEMAGNE

• http//www.history.com/topics/charlemagne

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• Charlemagne (c.742-814)
• Karl and Charles the Great
• medieval emperor who ruled much of Western Europe
  from 768 to 814
• 771, Charlemagne became king of the Franks, a
  Germanic tribe in present-day Belgium, France,
  Luxembourg, the Netherlands and western Germany
• embarked on a mission to unite all Germanic
  peoples into one kingdom, and convert his
  subjects to Christianity
• skilled military strategist, he spent much of his
  reign engaged in warfare in order to accomplish
  his goals
• 800, Pope Leo III (750-816) crowned Charlemagne
  emperor of the Romans
• In this role, he encouraged the Carolingian
  Renaissance, a cultural and intellectual revival
  in Europe with help of RCC
• When he died in 814, Charlemagnes empire
  encompassed much of Western Europe, and he had
  also ensured the survival of Christianity in the
  West
• father of Europe.

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• Einhard (c. 775-840), a Frankish scholar and
  contemporary of Charlemagne, wrote a biography of
  the emperor after his death
• In the work, titled Vita Karoli Magni (Life of
  Charles the Great), he described Charlemagne as
  broad and strong in the form of his body and
  exceptionally tall without, however, exceeding an
  appropriate measureHis appearance was impressive
  whether he was sitting or standing despite having
  a neck that was fat and too short, and a large
  belly.

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• Charlemagne was the first Emperor in Western
  Europe since the fall of the West Roman Empire
  three centuries earlier.

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• The Frankish king Charlemagne was a devout
  Catholic and maintained a close relationship with
  the papacy throughout his life. In 772, when Pope
  Adrian I was threatened by invaders, the king
  rushed to Rome to provide assistance. Shown here,
  the pope asks Charlemagne for help at a meeting
  near Rome.

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• SSWH7 The student will analyze European medieval
  society with regard to culture, politics,
  society, and economics.
• b. Describe the political impact of Christianity
  include Pope Gregory VII and King Henry IV.

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CHRISTIANITY

• IN THE MIDDLE AGES
• period of missionary activity and expansion
• Monasticism became a powerful force throughout
  Europe, and gave rise to many early centers of
  learning
• Pope Gregory the Great dramatically reformed
  ecclesiastical structure and administration
  (operational and governance structure )
• Development of medieval universities
• Development of holy orders of RCC, groups which
  took ministry of church to urban areas
• Crusades

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Pope Gregory VII

• best known for the part he played in the
  Investiture Controversy, his dispute with Henry
  IV, Holy Roman Emperor that affirmed the primacy
  of papal authority and the new canon law
  governing the election of the pope by the College
  of Cardinals

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HENRY VII

• He twice excommunicated Henry, who in the end
  appointed Antipope Clement III to oppose him in
  the political power struggles between the
  Catholic Church and his empire
• The Investiture Controversy or Investiture
  Contest was the most significant conflict between
  Church and state in medieval Europe. In the 11th
  and 12th centuries, a series of Popes challenged
  the authority of European monarchies over control
  of appointments, or investitures, of church
  officials such as bishops and abbots.
• RESULT CONCORDAT OF WORMS (VURMS)

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• THE RRC APPOINTS BISHOPS BUT THE HOLY ROMAN
  EMPEROR, GERMAN KING, COULD VETO.
• HENRY IV (4)

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d. Describe how increasing trade led to the
growth of towns and cities.
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TRADE

• most of the peasants were involved with industry
  or trade
• most people had animals and grew their own food
• once a week they held a market where they rented
  stalls
• tradesmen bought goods and sold them in their own
  villages
• pots, pans, knifes and tools were traded in their
  villages
• larger towns had fairs drawing people from all
  over Europe
• fairs were held once a year but lasted weeks,
  sometimes months
• kings and nobles sent agents to the fairs to buy
  goods
• the towns need trade to grow
• the trade was the beginning of small shops
• the towns grew rapidly were fortunate to be a
  good trade route
• goods locations attracted merchants
• merchants attracted buyers during the Crusades
• tempted by the goods such as silk,
  spices,tapestries and sugar
• in the beginning traders sold their goods in
  local markets and fairs
• all over Europe people began learning and
  perfecting the skills needed to produce goods

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• during the middle ages there were no really large
  cities
• most towns had 1000 to 10,000 people
• the medieval towns became crowed and smelly
• The Middle Ages saw the rapid expansion of
  Medieval trade and commerce. The most important
  factor was the Crusades.
• Growth of trade results in growth of Italian
  citystatesGENOA, VENICE, PISA, FLORENCE

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• SSWH9 The student will analyze change and
  continuity in the Renaissance and Reformation.
• a. Explain the social, economic, and political
  changes that contributed to the rise of Florence
  and the ideas of Machiavelli.

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• WHAT DO YOU KNOW ABOUT THE RENAISSANCE?

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RENAISSANCE

• The Renaissance
• "to be reborn"
• cultural movement that spanned the period roughly
  from the 14th to the 17th century, beginning in
  Italy in the Late Middle Ages and later spreading
  to the rest of Europe

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THE RENAISSANCE LED TO

• Growth of Latin and vernacular literatures
• resurgence of learning based on classical sources
  (by Petrarch)
• development of perspective and other techniques
  of rendering a more natural reality in painting
• educational reform
• development of diplomacy (the art of conducting
  negotiation-relations with nations)
• Scientific observation

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• best known for its artistic developments and the
  contributions of such men as Leonardo da Vinci
  and Michelangelo, who inspired the term
  "Renaissance man
• ART (PAINTING, SCULPTURE, MUSIC, LITERATURE,
  ARCHITECTURE)
• A polymath is a Renaissance Man, a person whose
  expertise spans a significant number of different
  subject areas

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• http//www.history.com/topics/italian-renaissance/
  videosthe-renaissance

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• CITY-CENTER OF RENAISSANCE-FLORENCE (ITALY)
• PITTI AND MEDICI FAMILIES OF FLORENCE

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FLORENCE

• capital city of the Italian region of Tuscany and
  of the province of Florence.
• center of medieval European trade and finance and
  one of the wealthiest cities of the time
• birthplace of the Renaissance
• Athens of the Middle Ages
• ruled by the powerful Medici family

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• late Middle Ages, Florentine moneyin the form of
  the gold florinfinanced the development of
  industry
• Cosimo de' Medici was the first Medici family
  member to essentially control the city
• Medici were bankers to the pope also contributed
  to their rise (ascendancy.)
• Cosimo was succeeded by his son Piero, who was,
  soon after, succeeded by Cosimo's grandson,
  Lorenzo
• Lorenzo was a great patron of the arts,
  commissioning works by Michelangelo, Leonardo da
  Vinci and Botticelli
• "Lorenzo the Magnificent" (Lorenzo il Magnifico).

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• COSIMO PIERO

• LORENZO

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LORENZO

• Italian statesman
• ruler of the Florentine Republic during the
  Italian Renaissance
• Lorenzo the Magnificent (Lorenzo il Magnifico) by
  contemporary Florentines
• diplomat, politician and patron of scholars,
  artists, and poets
• gave large amounts of money to artists so they
  could create master works of art
• His life coincided with the high point of the
  Italian Renaissance and his death coincided with
  the end of the Golden Age of Florence

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• http//www.youtube.com/watch?vVufba_ZcoR0

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• The Republic of Florence , or the Florentine
  Republic, was a city-state that was centered on
  the city of Florence, located in modern Tuscany,
  Italy. The republic was founded in 1115
• ANOTHER FAMOUS FLORENTINE
• Niccolò Machiavelli

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Niccolò Machiavelli

• Machiavelli - political thinker
• most renowned for his political handbook titled,
  The Prince, which is about ruling and the
  exercise of power
• Commissioned by the Medici, Machiavelli also
  wrote the Florentine Histories

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• Niccolo Machiavelli
• diplomat for 14 years in Italy's Florentine
  Republic during the Medici family's exile
• wrote The Prince, a handbook for politicians on
  the use of ruthless, self-serving cunning,
  inspiring the term "machiavellian."

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• Italian historian, politician, diplomat,
  philosopher, humanist and writer based in
  Florence during the Renaissance
• official in the Florentine Republic, with
  responsibilities in diplomatic and military
  affairs
• a founder of modern political science

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BASILICA OF SANTA CROCE, FLORENCE,
ITALY(BASICLICA OF THE HOLY CROSS)
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• http//www.youtube.com/watch?vs25kX24j250
• http//www.youtube.com/watch?v4mgSPiAiBjU

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• Scholars often note that Machiavelli glorifies
  instrumentality in statebuilding - an approach
  embodied by the saying that "the ends justify the
  means." Violence may be necessary for the
  successful stabilization of power and
  introduction of new legal institutions. Force may
  be used to eliminate political rivals, to coerce
  resistant populations, and to purge the community
  of other men strong enough of character to rule,
  who will inevitably attempt to replace the ruler.
  Machiavelli has become infamous for such
  political advice, ensuring that he would be
  remembered in history through the adjective,
  "Machiavellian."

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QUOTES, THE PRINCE

• THE ENDS JUSTIFIES THE MEANS.
• IT IS BETTER TO BE FEARED THAN LOVED.

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HUMANISM

• SSWH9 The student will analyze change and
  continuity in the Renaissance and Reformation. o.
  
• Explain the main characteristics of humanism
  include the ideas of Petrarch, Dante, and
  Erasmus.

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• HUMANISM
• Renaissance humanism
• intellectual reform initiated by scientists,
  academics, and civic leaders during the
  post-Medieval Renaissance period

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• The roots of Renaissance humanism can be traced
  to the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries
• arose out of medieval scholastic education which
  emphasizing practical, pre-professional and
  scientific studies
• Scholasticism that focused on preparing men to be
  doctors, lawyers or professional theologians was
  often derived from surviving Greco-Roman texts on
  logic, natural philosophy, medicine, law and
  theology
• development of Renaissance humanism was fostered
  by scholastic institutions in the cities of
  Florence, Naples, Rome, Venice, Mantua, Ferrara,
  and Urbino.

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• sought to create an informed citizenry who were
  textually literate, and not only able to read and
  write but also able to employ critical knowledge
  in the civic realm
• accomplished through providing study of the
  broader studia humanitatis curriculum grammar,
  rhetoric, history, poetry and moral philosophy
• Renaissance humanist scholars often saw their
  work as a means to revive the cultural legacy and
  academic productivity of classical antiquity.

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• http//www.history.com/videos/humanism-triggers-th
  e-renaissancehumanism-triggers-the-renaissance

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HUMANISTS

• Explain the main characteristics of humanism
  include the ideas of Petrarch, Dante, and
  Erasmus.

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PETRARCH

• Francesco Petrarca (20 July 1304 19 July 1374)
• in English as Petrarch
• Italian scholar and poet, and one of the earliest
  humanists
• "Father of Humanism
• Petrarch's sonnets were admired and imitated
  throughout Europe during the Renaissance and
  became a model for lyrical poetry
• developed the concept of the "Dark Ages

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• the first tourist
• collected crumbling Latin manuscripts and was a
  prime mover in the recovery of knowledge from
  writers of Rome and Greece
• Love sonnets to Laura

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DANTE

• Durante degli Alighieri
• Dante , Italian, c. 12651321)
• Italian poet of the Middle Ages
• Divine Comedy
• greatest literary work composed in the Italian
  language and a masterpiece of world literature

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DANTEDIVINE COMEDY

• ("the Supreme Poet")
• He, Petrarch and Boccaccio are also known as "the
  three fountains" or "the three crowns
• called the "Father of the Italian language".

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DIVINE COMEDY

• A poem
• imaginative and allegorical vision of the
  afterlife
• (device in which characters or events represent
  or symbolize ideas and concepts)
• culmination of the medieval world-view as it had
  developed in the Western Church
• Helped establish the Tuscan dialect, in which it
  is written, as the standardized Italian language
• divided into three parts Inferno, Purgatorio,
  and Paradiso

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• describes Dante's travels through Hell,
  Purgatory, and Heaven
• represents allegorically the soul's journey
  towards God
• At this deeper level, Dante draws on medieval
  Christian theology and philosophy

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ERASMUS

• Desiderius Erasmus Roterodamus
• 1466 1536)
• Erasmus of Rotterdam
• Dutch Renaissance humanist, Catholic priest,
  social critic, teacher, and theologian

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• Erasmus was a classical scholar who wrote in a
  pure Latin style
• proponent of religious toleration
• "the crowning glory of the Christian humanists
• prepared important new Latin and Greek editions
  of the New Testament
• influential in the Protestant Reformation and
  Catholic Counter-Reformation
• wrote The Praise of Folly
• Erasmus lived against the backdrop of the growing
  European religious Reformation and supported RCC
  reform
• recognized the authority of the pope
• emphasized a middle way, with a deep respect for
  traditional faith, piety and grace, and rejected
  Luther's emphasis on faith alone