TWO Weeks to TAKS

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TWO Weeks to TAKS Objective 3 9d, 12b,e Energy
Flow in Ecosystems
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Energy and matter flow through ecosystems
Radiant energy from the sun is converted to
chemical energy in the form of glucose (sugar) by
photosynthesis in the chloroplasts of plant
cells. Autotrophs (plants/producers) use this
energy in respiration. The plants mitochondria
take that sugar and break it down into ATP that
the plant can use to carry out daily life
activities.
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Part of the energy produced is stored in chemical
bonds of the plant and part of it is released as
heat to the environment. Heterotrophs eat these
producers. The energy stored in their chemicals
bonds is used to carry out daily life functions.
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Wheat
Mouse
Owl
Snake
A food chain, shown above, shows one path the
energy can take. A food web is a collection of
several food chains, linked together.
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A food (or energy) pyramid is another way to
represent this information. The pyramid gets its
shape from the fact that the greatest amount of
energy in the ecosystem is stored in the
producers. (There is more grass than
grasshoppers, and there are more grasshoppers
than frogs.) There are very few tertiary
consumers in ecosystems because it takes a lot of
energy feed one.
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Toxins(poisons) can build up in the food chain.
They are the least concentrated in the producers,
but can build up in the bodies of animals as they
feed. The higher an animal is on the food
pyramid, the more poison he has consumed.
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Niche-Animals role in the ecosystem. Types of
niches Herbivore-eats only plants/producers,
Omnivore-eats both plants and animals,
Carnivore-eats consumers only (meat),
Predator-hunts, Prey-what is being hunted,
Decomposer-usually fungus or bacteria that eat
dead material and returns nutrients to the
environment (may not be included in food webs and
pyramids).
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Symbiosis Organisms can have dependent
relationships. Mutualism(,)-both or organisms
benefit from the relationship. Remoras clean
sharks. The remoras get food and protection.
The sharks get clean. Commensalism (,0) one
organism benefits, the other is not effected.
Spanish moss grows on trees receiving light and
nutrients from the air. The tree is not helped
or harmed. Parasitism(,-)-one organism
benefits, the other is harmed. The tick receives
food, the dog is bitten.
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After being introduced in the 1930s, the fire
ant (Solenopsis invicta) became established
throughout much of the southern United States.
One biological way to control fire ants might be
to introduce organisms that are

1. Mutualistic with fire ant queens
2. nurtured by fire ant workers
3. Preyed on by fire ant drones
4. parasitic to fire ant larvae

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4. The difference in the size of each layer of
this food pyramid is primarily the result of the
difference in A food choices of individual
niches B oceanic zones of habitat C the amount of
food energy at each trophic level D toxins
present in the ecosystem
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• 5.Which of these is a model of the most complete
  food chain?
• A Primary consumer ?___ decomposer ?___ tertiary
  consumer ?___ secondary consumer
• B Producer ?___ primary consumer ?___ secondary
  consumer ?___ decomposer
• C Decomposer ?___ primary consumer ?___ producer
  ?___ secondary consumer
• D Primary consumer ?___ secondary consumer ?___
  decomposer ?___ tertiary consumer

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6. The diagram shows the flow of energy converted
during photosynthesis. From this diagram it can
also be inferred that A atmospheric gases are
the source of energy for producers B organisms
depend on organic compounds to transfer
energy C ultraviolet radiation from the sun is
used for photosynthesis D heat from plants and
animals warms atmospheric gases
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Quiz Time!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
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1. In this food web, the bacteria probably
function as A producers
B herbivores
C decomposers
D carnivores
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2. The marine ecosystem represented above is able
to thrive with a small autotroph biomass because
A autotrophs reproduce rapidly B first-order
consumers are small C second-order consumers are
rare D third-order consumers eat very little
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3. Energy used by producers in a grassland food
web is provided by F sunlight G
photosynthesis H oxygen J carbon dioxide
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4. Which of these groups of organisms would most
likely have accumulated the largest concentration
of a long-lasting chemical pollutant in their
bodies? A Phytoplankton B Zooplankton C Lake
trout D Gulls
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5. Which organisms in this food web can be
described as both primary and secondary
consumers? F Hawks G Weasels H Raccoons J Mice
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6. Clown fish are small reef fish that seek
protection from predators by sheltering
themselves among the stinging tentacles of sea
anemones. Clown fish are very territorial and can
potentially scare off predators of sea anemones.
This relationship is an example of A
neutralism B mutualism C parasitism D commensalism