THE SCIENCE OF GEOLOGY

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CHAPTER 1

• SECTION 1

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THE SCIENCE OF GEOLOGY

• GEOLOGY
• A. TO STUDY THE PROCESSES THAT CREATE EARTHS
  FEATURES
• B. SEARCH FOR CLUES ABOUT EARTHS HISTORY

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A GEOLOGIST AT WORK
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STUDYING SURFACE CHANGES

• CONSTRUCTIVE FORCES
• BUILD UP SURFACE LANDFORMS
• DESTRUCTIVE FORCES
• SLOWLY WEAR AWAY SURFACE LANDFORMS

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FINDING INDIRECT EVIDENCE

• THE EARTHS CENTER IS OVER 6,000KM .
• THE DEEPEST MINE IS 3.8KM DEEP
• SEISMIC WAVES- ALLOW US TO INFER THE INNER
  STRUCTURE OF THE EARTH

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A JOURNEY TO THE CENTER OF THE EARTH

• TEMPERATURE- THE AVERAGE AMOUNT OF KINETIC ENERGY
  IN A SUBSTANCE.
• KINETIC ENERGY - HOW FAST SOMETHING MOVES- THE
  FASTER IT MOVES THE MORE IT
• HITS OTHER PARTICLES(FRICTION)
• EXPANDS- TAKES UP MORE SPACE

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TEMPERATURE

• AS WE PROCEED DEEPER INTO THE EARTH WE FIND THAT
  THE TEMPERATURE INCREASES
• AT 20 METERS INTO THE EARTH THE TEMPERATURE
  INCREASES 1 DEGREE CELSIUS FOR EVERY 40 METERS
  YOU GO DOWN.

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HEAT KINETIC ENERGY
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PRESSURE

• IS THE FORCE PUSHING ON A SURFACE OR AREA
• AS WE GO DEEPER INTO THE EARTH THE FORCE OF THE
  ATMOSPHERE PLUS THE ROCK ABOVE US INCREASES. THE
  DEEPER THE MORE ROCK THE GREATER THE PRESSURE

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PRESSURE
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INSIDE THE EARTH
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CRUST

• THINNEST LAYER
• 5 40 KILOMETERS THICK
• SOLID
• OCEANIC AND CONTINENTAL CRUST

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OCEANIC CRUST

• OCEANIC CRUST
• FOUND UNDER THE OCEAN
• THINNEST PART OF THE CRUST 5 KILOMETERS
• LAVA COOLED QUICKLY NO CRYSTALS
• BASALT
• VERY DENSE

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CONTINENTAL CRUST

• FOUND UNDER THE CONTINENTS
• THICKER THAN OCEANIC CRUST 5- 70 KILOMETERS
• LAVA COOLED SLOWLY CRYSTALS FORMED
• GRANITE
• NOT AS DENSE AS BASALT

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MANTLE

• LARGEST PART OF THE EARTH
• 3,000 KILOMETERS THICK
• UPPER LAYER IS SOLID AND VERY SIMILAR TO CRUST
• LITHOSPHERE- IS MADE UP OF THE CRUST AND THE
  UPPER (SOLID) PART OF THE MANTLE.

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MANTLE

• THE AESTHENOSPHERE-NEXT LAYER IS SOFT AND VERY
  HOT
• THE LITHOSPHERE(CRUST AND UPPER SOLID MANTLE)
  FLOAT ON THIS LIQUID ROCK

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AESTHENOSPHERE
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MANTLE

• UNDER THE LIQUID PART OF THE MANTLE IS SOLID ROCK

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CORE

• OUTER CORE
• VERY HOT AND A LIQUID
• MADE OF IRON AND NICKEL

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CORE

• INNER CORE
• VERY HOT
• STATE IS SOLID
• THE CORE MAKES UP 15 OF THE VOLUME OF THE EARTH
• THE CORE MAKES UP 35 OF THE EARTHS MASS

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EARTHS MAGNETIC FIELD

• CURRENTS IN THE OUTER CORE CAUSE THE INNER CORE
  TO SPIN.
• THE INNER CORE SPINS FASTER THAN THE REST F THE
  EARTH THUS SETTING UP A MAGNETIC FIELD THAT
  REACHES FROM THE INNER CORE OUT INTO SPACE. WE
  USE THE MAGNETIC FIELD FOR OUR COMPASSES

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